Genetic Engineering

• Genetic engineering when used on microorganisms help in the creation of new pharmaceuticals which cannot be made in any other way.
• Genetic engineering helps in the process of bioremediation which is the process of cleaning up waste and pollution with the help of living organisms.
• Genetic engineering has helped lower the overall usage of herbicide and pesticide.
• Genetic engineering has helped with the production of vaccines and other drugs in plants.
• Genetic engineering has helped produce quicker and more predictable way of generating new cultivars. Further, the cultivar properties are better known today than it was ever known before.
• Today, genetic engineering can produce sustainable agriculture.
• Genetic engineering has produced very useful genetically modified breeds which can tolerate factory farming without any suffering.
• In humans, genetic engineering is used to treat genetic disorders and cancer. It also helps in supplying new body parts.
• Although, this has not been done today, genetic engineering has the potential of creating new types of human beings with many advantageous traits.

Assuming the gene/allele for a tall plant is dominant and short is recessive this is an impossibility. As in order for both parent plants to be short both chromosomes must contain the t (allele for short) and so the T (allele for tall) cannot be present and will not be passed on to the offspring and it cannot be tall.

Yes, as you may have a left-sided hairline or right, and whether hair loss is immenent is also genetic.

Virus and plasmid. Both can insert the target gene into the host's genome.

It is important to understand that each individual has different genes. Genes can be lost if an individual dies without reproducing. To answer your question: There are two type of effects caused by Genetic Drift. The founder effect happens when a few species inhabit a new territory. If only those species reproduce then there are less genes in the gene pool and that leads to less variation. This can happen if storms sweep birds to a previously uninhabited island. The other effect is the bottleneck effect. This happens if a disease or poaching drastically reduces the number of individuals in a population. Since there are less individuals who can reproduce there are not as many genes that can be passed down.

There are concerns that it will decrease the biodiversity within a species. people are also worried that because the genome of a species undergoes such rapid alteration, the outcomes, including health issues, ability to transfer between species/organisms and mutation rate, are undiscovered-unknown territory. There are fears that transgenic bacteria may be able to acquire antibiotic resistance, or that tolerance that is transferred to one species could be passed on to others. This is a great concern for the health and safety of humans and the environment. Despite these concerns, it is mainly all just theoretical risks, nothing is proven, and until Genetic engineering is tried and tested- it will be impossible to tell if these concerns will eventuate.

The federal government should pay for medical genetic testing if it will help advance society towards controlling or eliminating deadly diseases or disorders. A criteria should be set up to determine what test should be approved for financing.

Deoxyribonucleic acid...also know as DNA.

it can be DNA or RNA

types of pcr: AFLP -PCR.

Allele-specific PCR.

Alu-PCR.

Assembly -PCR.

Assemetric -PCR.

Colony -PCR.

Helicase dependent amplification.

Hot start pCR.

Inverse -PCR.

Insitu -pCR.

ISSR-PCR.

RT-PCR(REVERSE TARNSCRIPTASE).

REAL TIME -PCR

Exonuclease enzymes cleave nucleotides from the ends of DNA molecules.

Endonuclease enzymes cleave a phosphodiester bond somewhere within the DNA molecule (not at the ends).

Nucleic acids

Chargaff observed that the number of Guanine units in a section/piece of DNA was the same as the number of Cysteine units and that the number of Thymine units equaled the number of Adenine units.

This matched the double helix structure because Cysteine pairs with Guanine, and Thymine pairs with Adenine - meaning that Chargaff was right in that there must be an equal number of Cysteines and Guanines as well as equal Thymines and Adenines.

A gene, because any smaller and it would just be nucleotides.

Alfred Sturtevant, a 21 year old undergrad student of Thomas Hunt Morgan, invented the centimorgan as a way to quantify the relationship between the rate of recombination and the distance between genes.

During prophase, the chromatin fibers in the nucleus coil tightly and condense into observable chromosomes. The mitotic spindle then begins to form and the centrosomes move away from each other.

DNA, the genetic material, of course. Also mitochondria and chloroplasts need to divide.

This is the process of mitosis where two daughter cells are produced and both will need the complete complement of genetic material; DNA.

Sex cells are produce from meiosis, these cells only have 23 chromosomes instead of the full 46. Since sex cells are only used in reproduction, and sexual reproduction requires two organisms, an organism must start with two sex cells. These two cells come from two organisms with different DNA. The DNA from these two cells is "molded" together. The new organism has DNA from both of the parents therefore it's not exactly identical to either parent.

No, the centromere only serves to hold two sister chromatids together.

It changes genes and so passes them on

Monkey + Mule

conceiving a child who is a bone marrow match to a living child.

Basically, scientists have combined genes from other species, such as bacteria, and corn genes. I believe the purpose was to make the corn more resistant to insects, but it could have been to make the corn more receptive to the use of Round-up. Scientists have also done similar genetic engineering to other crops.

Refer to Stanbury and Whittaker 1 chapter dedicated to Strain isolation and improvement