answersLogoWhite

0

Heavy Water

Water that has had its hydrogen replaced with deuterium atoms is called heavy water. Due to the fact that heavy water can slow the velocity of neutrons, it is often used as a coolant in nuclear power plants and as a moderator in nuclear reactors. Heavy water can be naturally occurring in very small amounts. However, it is usually artificially created by enriching water with deuterium atoms.

321 Questions

What is the normal freezing point of heavy water?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

  • ordinary water 0C
  • heavy water 4C

Can water take out a little fire?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

Yes it can. water is the preferred method to douse water. Fireman use it every day. Although, when you have a stovetop fire, or an oil buring fire, do not use water. That makes it worse than befor. Use Salt, Baking Soda, or plain old dirt would be the best choice.

Five example of potential energy?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

-hanging apple

-the energy that is stored in our cells of our body

-when we stretch a rubber band

-the water at the middle at the tap

-a football at the table

1. Apple on a table

2. Spring of a watch

3. You sitting on a Chair

4. a ball floating on a water column

5 Apple hanging on a tree

A rock next to a ledge.

A wound up spring.

A turned off faucet.

An unpopped balloon.

unexploded dynomite

Why is iron pillar in Delhi not rusted?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

The heterogeneous nature of the structure of the monument reveals two important points, namely, no heat treatment has been applied and the metal of the pillar has never been in the molten state, probably the last stage in the construction of so large a piece of iron at that date would almost certainly have consisted of the hammer forging together of balls of iron and thereafter repeated re-heating and hammering process to create smooth surface. This must have taken a considerable time to complete. During this time an oxide film would have formed some of which could get hammered into the surface. Slag too would have oozed out and would have joined the scale. Owing to its high heat capacity and high ambient temperature the finished iron would have taken relatively long time to cool leading to a somewhat non-homogenous normalization, the quality of the oxide layer produced by this sequence of operation would in all probability greatly promote the preservation of the pillar in pure and dry climate.

According to the second theory, the protective oxide could have formed from atmospheric exposure. Examination of small pieces of scale obtained from the iron pillar reveals that it consists of approximately 80% of an oxide of iron having the properties of the solid solution phase of mixtures of FeO and Fe2O3. About 10% of this hydrated oxide of iron, approaching Limonite (Fe2O3.3H2O) has also been reported. From the above reports it can be concluded that the scale was apparently formed under conditions of heating with significant extent of atmospheric oxidation occurring at the surface and penetrating along cracks running longitudinally in the scale.

There have also been suggestions that in the past pillar was ceremonially anointed with purified butter. Tghee obtained from the milk of cow would have had a marked effect. A thin coating of linseed oil or lanoline or wool grease is well known to give good protection to steel for some months. If applied regularly and reinforced b the dust and sand which settle on it, it gives a good protective coating to the material underneath. However, the practice of ceremonial anointing would probably have been discontinued during Muslim occupation of the area in 12th century AD.

The great mass of metal might act as a temperature stabilizer, thus reducing condensation of moisture on it. It has already been mentioned that corrosion proceeds during those time when the effective relative humidity on the surface of the metal exceeds the critical value (e.g. 80%). In Delhi, this cannot normally occur during the day or early in the night because the air is very dry, except of course when it rains. During the remainder of the night the temperature slowly drops and because of its high heat capacity, the pillar remains warm and less liable to corrode than the relative humidity of the air would indicate. Just before day break the pillar is for a very short time cooler than air as dry, daytime conditions are quickly reestablished.

So, in brief, it can be concluded that the corrosion resistance property of the Delhi Pillar is due to: (i) the purity of its iron; (ii) high phosphorus; (iii) low sulphur; (iv) absence of any other metal; (v) cinder coating formed on the surface; (vi) better forge welding; (vii) drier and uncontaminated atmospheric condition; and (viii) mass metal effect The presence of second phase particles (slag and unreduced iron oxides) in the microstructure of the iron, that of high amounts of phosphorus in the metal, and the alternate wetting and drying existing under atmospheric conditions, are the three main factors in the three-stages formation of that protective passive film.

Why is heavy water leaking bad?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

Its not. It will just be diluted with ordinary water.

Is cell food heavy water?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

No. Heavy water refers to water formed with a majority of the heavier isotopes of hydrogen, which are very radioactive; this water can be used to transport such isotopes more easily.

Cells use many different chemicals to get their energy, but water is a product of the process, not an "ingredient".

How heavy water act as a moderator?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

same as ordinary water, but the heavier Deuterium atoms are more effective at slowing neutrons to thermal energies.

How does radiation spreads?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

In the case of a major disaster like Chernobyl, largely depending on winds. See the report referenced below.

When did Nazi Germany start its heavy water experiments?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

Nazi Germany began its 'heavy water' experiments (or, more precisely, production) in mid-1940 after its invasion and conquest of Norway, which was at the time the world's only source of this key ingredient for the production of a nuclear weapon. Production at this facility ceased several years later as a result of several Allied bombing raids and the subsequent attempted transfer to Germany of the heavy-water supply, which was lost in yet another Allied-inspired sabotage operation.

Was there an effort to get atomic bomb materials such as heavy water and industrial diamonds and scientists out of France before the Nazis got them?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

No. No one was seriously trying to make an atom bomb at that time and France was not that important a player in the nuclear research that had already been done. Most of the important nuclear scientists were already in the United States. Michael Montagne

NO. There were several reasons:

1. France had no Atomic Bomb research at that time, and the amount of any "Heavy Water" they may or may not have had was unimportant to England or the United States at tha time. Its importance was not recognized.

2. France probably did have industrial diamonds, as did most industrial nations. BUT to be honest the Germans offered France a pretty good deal when compared to the other occupied nations. France was not totally occupied by the Germans. Southern France remained under the control of Frenchmen (granted they were cooperating with the Nazi's but no other defeated nation got such a deal. (Think about it, the French still controlled their own navy, and colonies.) As a result the French made very little effort to defy the Germans in the early days. This included, among other things -- Industrial diamonds.

Hope this helps, John

Yes, see the following: physics.ubc.cal

absolutely, early in 1940, the french armaments ministry (with british support) negotiated with Norsk Hydro in Norway to obtain their supply of heavy water 185kg. Withfrance facing defeat, the water was moved to the college de France, then on to bordaux. In sept 1940, the heavy water, specialized machine tools, $10m in industrial diamonds and 50 french scientists (all rounded up by the earl of suffolk,who was the liaison in France for the british department for scientific and industrial research), were all loaded on the Denholm Lines ship MS Broompark, under the command of Capt. Olaf Paulsen, who was the only ship's captain will to transverse the girod estuary which had been mined by the Germans. The heavy water was placed in wooden crates and lashed to wooden pallets (which would float free if the broompark was sunk). The broompark arrived safely back in Scotland, with its cargo intact and eventually the heavy water was relocated to the university of Chicago. For his actions in saving the heavy water, capt. olaf paulsen was awarded the "Order of the British Empire email me for a more detailed account as well as a photo of the broompark sailing down the girod estuary (you can see the wooden crates on deck that held the heavy water), capt. paulsen was my grandfather, and my mother has the medals he was awarded in ww2.

Captain Paulsen's OBE was for 'saving his ship when it was torpedoed, see the Fourth Supplement to The London Gazette of Friday the 31st January 1941. Available online - do a search for Paulsen. He deserved a decoration for his work at Bordeaux but did not receive it. The ship delivered the goods and the people to Falmouth on 21 June.

Please contact me through this site for further information - EbbandFlow

Six ships sailed from Bordeaux during 17 - 21 June and 12 from Le Verdon at the entrance to the Gironde. Captain Paulsen's OBE was for taking the Broompark through the minefield. Three months later the Broompark was torpedoed and Capt. Paulsen was awarded Lloyds War Medal for Bravery at Sea for saving his ship and all but one crew member.

Would very much like to see Captain Paulsen's record of his trip.

Hey, I'm Bruno Comer, a researcher in Belgium. I've a complete report on the events with the Broompark in June 17-21 1940. The author is Paul Timbal, a banker from the Antwerp Diamond Bank who kept the diamonds that were saved by the Broompark. The report was recently discovered by me when I wrote a company history of the Antwerp Diamond Bank that celebrated its 75th birthday in 2009. The report will be published by the Royal Historical Commission of Belgium. I'd be very pleased to get to know the grandson of capt. Paulsen and I've some interesting information to offer. Of course, all information that will interest the readers of Paul Timbal's report is welcome too. My coordinates are: Bruno Comer Weststraat 35 8340 Damme Belgium (Bruno.comer@telenet.be) tel 00 32 50 50 00 86.

Why is only heavy water used as coolant for nuclear energy and can you use any other coolant used replacing D2O?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

Many pressurized water reactors use "regular" water (light water) as a primay coolant. That means that "only heavy water" is not a rule as regards reactor design. Reactor design specifies the coolant to be used.

How much energy does water does energy provide your body?

User Avatar

Asked by Wiki User

Mainly, just like any other object, water can have:* Kinetic energy, if it moves.

* Gravitational potential energy, if it is above the ground level. It is this energy that is used by dams and hydraulic power plants.