History of Judaism

Passover and the Holocaust are two different things. Passover refers to when God passed over the Hebrews in Egypt who had the blood of the lamb on their door and only killed the first born son in the families whose homes were no covered by the blood of the lamb. See Exodus chapters 11-12.The passover festival celebrates God freeing the Hebrews from bondage in Egypt. The holocaust on the other hand refers to the more than 12 million people killed by the Nazi's during World War II, 6 million of which were Jews. The holocaust is not celebrated rather it is remembered for the tragedy that it was.

Yes, but naughty is probably too weak of a word; this is a man who chose to launch a genocide and murder 11 million innocent people.

Portugal, North Africa, Ottoman Empire (including what are now Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia), Iraq, Syria, Israel, Bukhara, India and elsewhere. Many were killed or died enroute.

Zionism is a support of the Jewish culture and state coupled with an opposition for Jews to assimilate into other cultures. Zionists highly advocate the relocation of Jews back to Israel in order for them to be a majority in their own nation.

Control of land in the Middle East by Palestinians and Jews.

The 1880's

The long, rich history of Judaism gives the western world much of its shape today. The laws, traditions, culture and values are directly attributable to Judaism.
1) The Jews' monotheistic religious tradition shaped the Western beliefs about God.
2) The 7-day week, including a day of rest for everyone.
3) The concept of morality was also the work of the Hebrews, including the dignity and value of a person. Women's rights also were carefully maintained in this ancient culture, and today's laws giving women equal rights under the law are a by-product of Judaism.
4) Under Israelite law, everyone had recourse to the courts. A child, widow, wife, etc., could initiate legal action against any citizen to redress perpetrated harm. Compare this to those societies in which only mature, land-owning males had rights.
5) What is customary to be eaten in Western society is a reflection of most of the Judaic dietary law. With the exception of the pig, Western society does not eat what is not contained in kosher law. Owls, mice, insects, rats, snakes, cats and dogs are not eaten by most Westerners and it is a direct result of Jewish culture.
6) Parents are responsible for teaching children. Illiteracy among Israelites, in every generation, was rare. Universal education in the Western world is taken for granted today, yet this is a recent development. In Judaism, however, it goes back 3300 years. Judaism has always maintained that education is the highest goal of man in his pursuit of Godliness. This tradition has now been passed on to Western culture.
7) Infants are to be protected and cared for, whether or not they turned out to be the gender you were hoping for.
8) Cruelty to animals is not acceptable.
9) Government is accountable to a higher authority. In other ancient societies, the monarch was all-powerful. Among the Israelites, however, the king was under the constant scrutiny of the Divinely-informed prophets, who didn't hesitate to castigate him publicly for any misstep in the sight of God. And, other than for the crime of rebellion, the king couldn't punish any citizen by his own decision. He was obligated by the Torah-procedures like everyone else.
10) A robber repays double to his victim, or works it off. Cutting off the hands of a robber is unacceptable. Debtors are not imprisoned or harmed. They are made to sell property and/or work to repay what they owe. Compare this to the Roman practice by which anyone could accuse a man of owing them money and the debtor could be killed.
Modern law is based in part on Judaic Torah observance. A quick look at the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20) and the laws that follow (Exodus ch.21-23) gives a very good summary of most modern law.
11) It is the responsibility of the community to support the widow, the orphan, the poor, and the stranger passing through.
It is important to note that every one of the above was instituted among the Hebrews (a.k.a. the Israelites) thousands of years earlier than in other nations. Here's just one example: Aristotle, who was among the greatest of the Greeks, and Seneca, the famous Roman, both write that killing one's young babies is perfectly acceptable.

Jews tend to live in cities for a variety of reasons.

1) Jewish Ritual Requirements: More religious Jews tend to live close-together because they need kosher outlets for food, mikvot for cleanliness, synagogues to pray in, and a variety of other religious requirements that are easier to sustain in an urban environment.

2) Occupations: It is usually easier to get jobs in cities, especially in the highly skilled professions that many Jews either desire to participate in or actively participate in.

3) Community: Jews like to be around other Jews. There is a religious and cultural continuity that they share with each other that they do not share with others. (This is just like the Chinese or Italians.)

As for New York and Los Angeles specifically, the draw to New York is commerce and the draw to Los Angeles is the film industry. Once a core nucleus of Jews settled these areas, the communities just kept growing larger.

The word "Messiah" (מחשיח) to the ancient Hebrews referred to any Jewish priest or king. Anointment was part of the process of being installed as king or priest. There was nothing particularly religious about the term.

In times of trouble, when there was no king on the throne, the word "messiah" referred to the next king, who would come and rescue them. It never had a connection with spiritual salvation until the writers of the New Testament redefined it, incorporating into it some Greek spiritual beliefs.

When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 the country had a an estimated 183,000 Jews. About 65,500 perished in the Holocaust. The first Jews arrived in what is now Austria in Roman times. However, there were periodic expulsions and returns. Until about 1850 there were restrictions on the towns and cities where Jews were allowed to live in Austria ...

It is unknown, since sugar beets are not mentioned in the Bible. but is very possible, since we know that the Ancient Egyptians knew about them and may be introduced them to the Hebrews.

The empire that took destroyed the First Jewish Temple in Jerusalem (and defeated the Southern Kingdom of Judah) was Babylonia in 586 BCE.

The empire that destroyed the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, after defeating the Jewish Zealots was the Roman Empire.

It depends on your branch. If your orthodox, then no electricity or work. If your conservative, it depends on your lifestyle. If you're reform or reconstructionist, you really don't have many challenges, except if you don't want to answer emails or something.

Well, Israel exists, so the Zionists were successful. However, there is international condemnation of the State of Israel and its Right to Exist, which forces Zionists to continue to push for public opinion to change and for people to accept the State of Israel as part of the International Community.

Jews settled in some parts of Europe in Roman times.

Many rabbis were killed.

It really did not have an impact. Zionism was only really important in Europe after World War II ended. Prior to that, it was a movement that remained outside of the general public discourse and was restricted to discussions with government officials and elite European Jews.

Yes, Kadane is a Jewish surname. It is of Hebrew origin and is commonly found among Jewish populations.

L'shanah haba'ah biyerushalayim - next year in Jerusalem.

Nebuchadnezzar left the poor people to remain in the land of Judah (2 Kings 24:14) for an unspecified reason. Jeremiah 39:10 (and 40:10-11) suggest that Nebuchadnezzar didn't intend for Judah to be completely barren. A barren land would provide no tax base and might be infiltrated by foreign elements whom Nebuchadnezzar didn't want there, especially since the new leader of Judah (Gedaliah) told the people to remain loyal to Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah 40:9).

Oui. Il a été élu démocratiquement comme Chancelier d'Allemagne en 1933. Cepedant, quand il a gagné du pouvoir il a annulé tous les elections suivants et il est devenu un dictateur.

Yes, I think so.

Yes. They expelled the entire Jewish population, which at the time consisted of the Tribes of Judah and Benjamin. 133 years earlier, the Assyrians had expelled most of the population of the land (the Ten Tribes), but the rest remained (Judah and Benjamin).

No, tallitot (pl) are prayer shawls that are worn on the shoulders or covering the person's head and shoulders.

they are known as Jews