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Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases or communicable diseases arise from illnesses caused by fungi, viruses, protozoa, bacteria or parasites. These infections can be transmitted through body fluids, airborne inhalation and contaminated foods or objects.
4,892 Questions
The arrangement of serratia marcescens?
Serratia marcescens is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium that is arranged singly, in pairs, or in short chains. It does not form structures like spores or capsules. Under the microscope, its characteristic pink to reddish color can aid in its identification.
In the lytic cycle the term maturation refers to what?
Maturation in the lytic cycle refers to the process in which newly synthesized viral components assemble to form complete virions, which are then released from the host cell to infect other cells. This is a crucial step in the viral replication cycle that ensures the production of fully functional viruses.
Is Anthrax caused by a vector?
Anthrax is not caused by a vector like a mosquito or tick. It is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans through contact with infected animals or their products.
Yes, Mark Twain had measles during his childhood. He contracted the disease when he was a young boy.
What are the long term effect of lyme disease?
Nerve damage, Bell's palsy, severe Arthritis, chronic fatigue, extreme mood swings, cognitive disorders, inflammation of joints, frequent headaches, and difficulty sleeping.
Very little is known about the causes of it, but it is suspected that it can be trigger by certain lights and sounds in people who are sensitive (again, the exact number of people who can be infected is also unknown).
What are diseases and how are they caused?
A diseases is a state in which a function or part of the body is no longer in a healthy condition. Diseases are caused by touching sick people they are caused by insects , through air , through food and water , by using other peoples clothes , by using sick peoples plate to eat and many other things.
H1N1 refers to a subtype of the influenza virus, not a bacteria. Influenza viruses can cause respiratory illness in humans and animals. It is important to note that viruses and bacteria are different types of microorganisms that can cause different types of infections.
Is E.Coli a virus disease or a bacterial disease?
E. coli is not a disease at all, it is a species of bacteria. E. coli can be found as part of the normal microflora in the human gastrointestinal tract, as most strains are harmless. There are some strains (eg: E. coli 01H57) that are pathogenic and can cause enteritis.
How are some cells specialised to stop bacteria entering the body?
no cells are assigned jobs of preventing the microbes from entering the body (is this accurate)but when they do enter the immune system fights them off. Some ways of keeping microbes out of the body are sneezing and coughing
What type of pathogen is elephantiasis?
Elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection due to filaria worms--a type of nematode. Mosquitoes are the vector that carries the parasite. They must bite a person and inject the worm and bacteria in the worm which causes an immune response in the host. It is a tropical disease. Once the mosquito bites a person, its larvae migrate to the host's lymphatic system. Once there, they collect in the lymph nodes and cause a blockage of the tissue fluid--lymph. This leads to swelling in areas of the body such as the legs, and genitals although it can occur elsewhere as well. When the larvae mature into adult worms, they mate releasing more eggs which develop into larvae, continuing the life cycle. Another type of elephantiasis is due to contact with irritant soil that can cause a similar reaction. Treatment includes surgery for scrotal elephantiasis, but not for the limb. Drugs like Albendazole, which is used for a variety of worm infestations, is used. Ivermectin, a broad-spectrum antiparasitic, can also be used. Scientists are working on a vaccine to prevent this from occuring. Wearing shoes, washing feet and legs carefully are other strategies along with spraying the area for mosquitoes and using mosquito nets when sleeping, to avoid the disease vector.
Who does haemophilus influenza prey on?
Haemophilus influenza is a bacteria that can cause infections in humans, particularly in the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear infections. It is especially known to cause invasive diseases in young children and those with compromised immune systems.
How are the 3 types of anthrax acquired?
Inhalational anthrax, mediastinal widening
Anthrax can enter the human body through the intestines (ingestion), lungs (inhalation), or skin (cutaneous) and causes distinct clinical symptoms based on its site of entry. In general, an infected human will be quarantined. However, anthrax does not usually spread from an infected human to a noninfected human. But, if the disease is fatal to the person's body, its mass of anthrax bacilli becomes a potential source of infection to others and special precautions should be used to prevent further contamination. Inhalational anthrax, if left untreated until obvious symptoms occur, may be fatal.
Anthrax can be contracted in laboratory accidents or by handling infected animals or their wool or hides. It has also been used in biological warfare agents and by terrorists to intentionally infect as exemplified by the 2001 anthrax attacks.
PulmonaryRespiratory infection in humans initially presents with cold or flu-like symptoms for several days, followed by severe (and often fatal) respiratory collapse. Historical mortality was 92%, but, when treated early (seen in the 2001 anthrax attacks), observed mortality was 45%.[21]Distinguishing pulmonary anthrax from more common causes of respiratory illness is essential to avoiding delays in diagnosis and thereby improving outcomes. An algorithm for this purpose has been developed.[22] Illness progressing to the fulminant phase has a 97% mortality regardless of treatment.
A lethal infection is reported to result from inhalation of about 10,000-20,000 spores, though this dose varies among host species.[23] As with all diseases, it is presumed that there is a wide variation to susceptibility with evidence that some people may die from much lower exposures; there is little documented evidence to verify the exact or average number of spores needed for infection. Inhalational anthrax is also known as Woolsorters' or Ragpickers' disease as these professions were more susceptible to the disease due to their exposure to infected animal products. Other practices associated with exposure include the slicing up of animal horns for the manufacture of buttons, the handling of hair bristles used for the manufacturing of brushes, and the handling of animal skins. Whether these animal skins came from animals that died of the disease or from animals that had simply laid on ground that had spores on it is unknown. This mode of infection is used as a bioweapon.
GastrointestinalGastrointestinal infection in humans is most often caused by eating anthrax-infected meat and is characterized by serious gastrointestinal difficulty, vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, and loss of appetite. Some lesions have been found in the intestines and in the mouth and throat. After the bacterium invades the bowel system, it spreads through the bloodstream throughout the body, making even more toxins on the way. Gastrointestinal infections can be treated but usually result in fatality rates of 25% to 60%, depending upon how soon treatment commences.[24] This form of anthrax is the rarest form. In the United States, there is only one official case reported in 1942 by the CDC.[16]
CutaneousAnthrax skin lesion
Cutaneous (on the skin) anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar). The black eschar often shows up as a large, painless necrotic ulcer (beginning as an irritating and itchy skin lesion or blister that is dark and usually concentrated as a black dot, somewhat resembling bread mold) at the site of infection. In general, cutaneous infections form within the site of spore penetration between 2 and 5 days after exposure. Unlike bruises or most other lesions, cutaneous anthrax infections normally do not cause pain.[24]
Cutaneous anthrax is typically caused when bacillus anthracis spores enter through cuts on the skin. This form of Anthrax is found most commonly when humans handle infected animals and/or animal products (e.g., the hide of an animal used to make drums).
Cutaneous anthrax is rarely fatal if treated,[21] because the infection area is limited to the skin, preventing the Lethal Factor, Edema Factor, and Protective Antigen from entering and destroying a vital organ. Without treatment about 20% of cutaneous skin infection cases progress totoxemia and death.
Treatment typically includes antibiotic therapy. Specific guidelines are available for adults, children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised persons. The differential diagnosis includes multiple entities and thus accurate diagnosis is imperative. Clinical examination coupled with culture and cutaneous biopsy can aid in accurate diagnosis.
What are some methods that humans use to fight pathogenic bacteria?
Methods used by humans to fight pathogenic bacteria include hygiene (handwashing, water and sewage hygiene), isolation (sick patients stay home), vaccination, protective equipment (gloves/masks), and medication. Internal biological methods include the nonspecific barriers (acid mantle of the skin, mucous of the nasal membranes) and specific immunity (antibodies).
What is a Pathogenic endospore forming bacteria that is difficult to kill?
Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic endospore forming bacteria that is difficult to kill due to its ability to form spores that are resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation. This makes it a challenge to eradicate in the environment and in infected individuals.
Is a virus is the smallest thing that can cause disease?
Yes, viruses are the smallest known pathogens that can cause disease in humans, as they are much smaller than bacteria and other microorganisms. Viruses rely on host cells to replicate and can infect a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria.
What pathogens cause meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis, a gram negative cocci is one of the most prevalent causes of meningitis. However, you should note that meningitis can be caused by other pathogens which penetrate the brain and cause swelling of the outermost brain layer. This leads to hemorrhaging.
Why measle need not to expose from the light?
Measles virus is fragile and can be easily damaged by light. Exposing the virus to light, particularly ultraviolet light, can cause it to lose its ability to infect cells and spread. This is why the measles virus is typically not resistant to light exposure.
Is measles singular or plural?
Measles refers to a viral disease and, while the word is plural in structure, it is singular in meaning.
Can you get measles if vaccinated as a child?
It is possible but rare to get measles after being vaccinated as a child. The measles vaccine is highly effective, but no vaccine is 100% perfect. In some cases, the immunity provided by the vaccine may wane over time or the vaccine may not have conferred full immunity.
What bacteria can be found in the kitchen?
Bacteria commonly found in kitchens include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can be present on raw foods, kitchen surfaces, utensils, and kitchen towels, and can lead to foodborne illnesses if not properly handled. Regular cleaning, proper food storage, and good hygiene practices can help prevent their growth and spread in the kitchen.
Why did measles kill so many in the past?
Measles is one of those diseases (like mumps, chicken pox and the flu) that healthy, well-nourished people rarely get very sick from, but if you're very old, very young or have vitamin deficiencies (like many natives did) you get a LOT sicker than you'd expect. The fatality rate for a European with measles was around 0.9%. For Indians it was closer to 20 or 30%.
Part of this was natural immunity; if your relatives in the past have all had a disease for generations, you have a natural resistance to it. You don't get as sick. Many Africans and Central/South American Natives had a resistance to malaria or yellow fever, for example, but it killed white Europeans like flies.
What do viruses have in common with bacteria?
Viruses van cause diesease and so can bacteria
they are both microscopic
they can evolve
they have DNA
they can reporduce (even though viruses can only reporduce in a cell)
they are passed through the air
They have both caused plagues
What type of anthrax raises cell count?
Inhalation anthrax, also known as pulmonary anthrax, is the type of anthrax that can cause a significant increase in the white blood cell count, specifically affecting the number of neutrophils. This increase in cell count is part of the body's immune response to the anthrax infection.
