Infectious Diseases

Compromised immune systems are not able to effectively defend the body against infections and illnesses. This can lead to frequent and severe infections, increased susceptibility to diseases, and difficulties in recovering from illnesses. It is important for individuals with compromised immune systems to take extra precautions to stay healthy.

Borrelia burgdorferi doesn't inflict an injury. However, when you have contracted Lyme Disease, it is possible for your neurological system to be affected enough that it could cause you to fall, which could inflict injury. The common painful problem due to Lyme Disease would be the muscle soreness that is experienced by most patients.

The common cold is caused by many different viruses that mutate rapidly, making it challenging for humans to develop a specific resistance. Additionally, the symptoms of the common cold are not severe enough to exert strong evolutionary pressure for resistance to develop.

They are rapidly spreading, easily transmitted from human to human, have the ability to mutate rapidly, and they usually spread in several waves before they die out.

Spirochetes are not considered Gram positive or Gram negative. They tend to stain pink due to the last safrinin dye in the staining process, but its cell wall structure should make it Gram negative.

Robert Koch worked on tuberculosis, not cholera. He is known for isolating and identifying the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of the disease.

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Lyme disease is generally not considered as a sexually transmitted disease. So no, a woman can't give Lyme disease to a man.

A fluid containing weakened disease-causing viruses or bacteria is known as a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies to protect against future infections by the same pathogen.

Most pathogenic microorganisms are mesophiles because the human body provides a stable and optimal temperature range for their growth and survival. Mesophiles thrive at temperatures around 20-45°C, which closely resemble the temperature of the human body. This makes it easier for these organisms to establish infections and cause disease in the human host.

Haemophilus influenzae is typically found in pairs or chains, rather than clusters. It is a small, gram-negative bacterium that requires factor X (hematin) and factor V (NAD or NADP) for growth.

Pathogenic foodborne bacteria grow best in food with a pH above 4.6. This pH level provides an environment conducive for their growth and reproduction. Foods with a pH below 4.6 are generally considered less favorable for the growth of these bacteria.

Yes, white blood cells are a crucial part of the immune system and act as a defense mechanism against infectious diseases. They work to identify, target, and destroy pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi to help the body fight off infections.

Measles caused significant illness, complications, and sometimes death, especially among children. It led to increased healthcare costs, missed school and work days, and societal anxiety during outbreaks. Vaccination programs have been key in reducing the impact of measles on society.

Bronchitis can be caused by either a viral or bacterial infection, with viral infections being more common. Viral bronchitis typically resolves on its own with rest and symptom management. Bacterial bronchitis may require antibiotics for treatment.

The measles virus resides in the mucus in the nose and throat of the infected person. When that person sneezes or coughs, droplets spray into the air. The infected mucus can land in other people's noses or throats through breathing or putting their fingers in their mouth or nose after touching an infected surface.

The virus remains active and contagious on infected surfaces for up to two hours. Measles transmission occurs so easily that anyone who is not immunized will probably get it eventually.

Proof of immunity of measles is either via a blood test or by 2 x MMR vaccinations.

Universal infection control procedures should be followed (ie thorough hand washing) and this should prevent the transmission of the virus to vulnerable people.

If unsure about your immunity status, contact your GP for information.

No, Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative bacterium that does not produce endospores. Endospores are a unique survival structure produced by some species of bacteria, such as Bacillus and Clostridium.

Body systems respond to infectious diseases by activating the immune system to identify and eliminate pathogens. In contrast, noninfectious diseases typically result from genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors, leading to structural or functional abnormalities in specific body systems. The response to noninfectious diseases often involves targeted treatments to manage symptoms and slow disease progression.

Anthrax powder refers to a finely milled form of anthrax bacteria that can be weaponized for use in biological warfare. When inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, it can cause severe illness and potentially be fatal. Due to its potential for harm, anthrax powder is classified as a bioterrorism agent.

Clostridium bacteria can cause diseases such as botulism, tetanus, and gas gangrene. Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum and results in muscle paralysis. Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani, leads to muscle stiffness and spasms. Gas gangrene, caused by Clostridium perfringens, can lead to tissue death and serious infections.

The inoculation introduces a 'dead' version of the virus to the body. It is dead so there is no illness from having the needle. So when the real virus shows up, the body recognizes it and already has a defence against it.

A vaccine typically contains weakened or inactivated disease-causing viruses or bacteria. This formulation allows the immune system to recognize and develop protection against the specific pathogen without causing the full-blown disease.

anti measles vaccine is given at 9 months of age because before that the child has already got anti measles antibodies derived from her mother and the vaccine would be unable to elicit the response. At 9 months , we assume (in case of developing nations) that there are no maternal antimeasles antibodies left

Lyme disease is not generally considered to be hereditary, so future children of a father with Lyme disease are not automatically at risk of inheriting the disease from their father. However, they could potentially be exposed to the same environmental factors that can lead to Lyme disease, such as tick bites, so precautions should be taken. It's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

People Infected with malaria carry sporozoans which are parasites. The sporozoans trvel to the liver where another form is made called merozoites. From there the new forms travel through the blood stream and therefore infect the red blood cells.