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Intel 8086 and 8088
The Intel 8086/8088 family of microprocessors is a 16 bit architecture on a 16 bit (8086) or an 8 bit (8088) bus. The 8088 was the processor in the original IBM PC, and has evolved into the most popular processor used today in PC's and servers.
1,056 Questions
IS Two important components of the system unit are the microprocessor and the hard disk?
The CPU comprised of three main parts: AlU(ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT):- Does the actual Logic comparisons that need to be processed. Control Unit:-Can execute and store the results coming out of ALU. Registers:- store the data that is to be executed next.
How general purpose registers increases speed of operation?
I am not quite sure how significant this is. The reason, however, is that accessing a register, which is part of the CPU, is faster than accessing RAM memory, which is located on a separate chip.
I am not quite sure how significant this is. The reason, however, is that accessing a register, which is part of the CPU, is faster than accessing RAM memory, which is located on a separate chip.
I am not quite sure how significant this is. The reason, however, is that accessing a register, which is part of the CPU, is faster than accessing RAM memory, which is located on a separate chip.
I am not quite sure how significant this is. The reason, however, is that accessing a register, which is part of the CPU, is faster than accessing RAM memory, which is located on a separate chip.
Pin configuration of 10 pin 7 segment display?
Do you have a virtual copy of game plan sharpshooter,coney island or pinball lizard .How much would it cost ?
The return address.
What is the difference between 32 bit microprocessor and 64 bit microprocessor?
The fundamental difference between a 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessor is what their names suggest: the size of the basic integer operations, also called the 'native' size of a CPU's calculations. The native size of a CPU determines a whole bunch of related characteristics.
For instance, all integer calculations are done using the native size; this matters in terms of performance for several reasons:
- if you add two integers smaller than the native size, it requires only a single operation.
- if you add two integers larger than the native size, you must perform 3 operations (add the upper values, add the lower values, then combine).
For instance, if you wanted to add two 20-bit numbers, on both the 32-bit CPU and 64-bit CPU it would require a single operation. However, if you wanted to add two 40-bit numbers, it would require only 1 operation on a 64-bit CPU, but 3 operations on a 32-bit CPU.
The native size of a CPU also determines things like the maximum addressable memory - thus, a 32-bit CPU can address up to 2^32 = 4GB of memory, while a 64-bit system can address up to 16 Exabytes. It also determines the minimum size of information that has to be processed - when fetching information from caches and memory, no operation can be done with information less than the native size. Thus, 64-bit CPUs are more demanding on memory subsystems, as they need to process information in 64-bit chunks, rather than 32-bit ones.
Which protocol is used to convert logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses?
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP is primarily used to translate IP Addresses to Ethernet MAC Addresses.
What is the difference between minimum mode and maximum mode?
Minimum mode in the 8086/8088 provides the functionality of the 8288 bus controller, which means that functions like HOLD, HLDA, WR-, M/IO-, DT/R-, DEN-, ALE, and INTA- come off of the 8086/8088.
Maximum mode means that these functions come off of the 8288, in somewhat enhanced form, and the pins are replaced with new meanings like RQ-/GT0-, RG-/GT1-, LOCK-, S2-, S1-, S0-, QS2, and S21, giving the processor extra capabilities.
Explain about segment registers in 8086MP?
There are four segment registers in the 8086/8088 processor, CS, DS, ES, and SS, also known as Code Segment, Data Segment, Extra Segment, and Stack Segment. Any time an address is generated by the processor, it is added to the value of one of the segment registers, after that segment register is effectively multiplied by 16, or left shifted four bits, in order to generate the physical address that accesses memory. This gives an effective address range of 20 bits, or 1mb, but note that only 64kb is addressable through any segment register at one time, unless you stop to change the contents of that segment register. This is known as a segmented architecture. By default, the CS register is used when fetching instructions, the DS register is used when accessing data, the SS register is used when accessing the stack, and the ES register is used during certain string type instructions. If desired, an instruction prefix can be used to override, such as forcing use of CS instead of DS when using a table contained within opcode space.
Minimum bus cycle duration = 4 clock cycles Bus clock = 8 MHz Maximum bus cycle rate = 8 M / 4 = 2 M /s Data transferred per bus cycle = 16 bit = 2 bytes Data transfer rate (per second) = Bus cycle rate * data per cycle = 2 M * 2 = 4 M bytes per second
What is difference between interupt and subroutine?
Interrupt is the signal generated by the input/output devices in order to take the attention of the processor.
When the processor receives the interrupt signals it checks the priority status and finish the current fetch and execute cycle and (if the priority status is high) allow the input/output device to process their tasks. Then previous fetch and execute cycle is continued. This is called interrupt service routine.
The programs are broken down in to small sub programs which are called subroutines. Then the program reusability, readability, maintainability ...etc will be increased.
A Explain the use of Code Segment CS and data segment DS register in 8086 microprocessor?
Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with processor instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register. CS register cannot be changed directly. The CS register is automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return instructions. Data segment (DS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment. DS register can be changed directly using POP and LDS instructions. Code segment (CS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64 KB segment with processor instructions. The processor uses CS segment for all accesses to instructions referenced by instruction pointer (IP) register. CS register cannot be changed directly. The CS register is automatically updated during far jump, far call and far return instructions. Data segment (DS) is a 16-bit register containing address of 64KB segment with program data. By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by general registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and index register (SI, DI) is located in the data segment. DS register can be changed directly using POP and LDS instructions.
What is offset address in 8086 processor?
The offset address in an 8086/8088 is the logical address that the program "thinks about" when it addresses a location in memory. The Execution Unit (EU or CPU) is responsible for generating the offset address. The Bus Interface Unit (BIU), on the other hand, takes the offset address and adds it to four times the selected segment register value in order to determine a real address, which is now 20-bits in length.
Some programs do deal with segment addresses as well - these are called far pointers instead of near pointers - but the program has to do more than one step to load both the offset and the segment address - a complexity created by running in a 16-bit environment.
What is the direction of information flow on the the address and data bus?
The address bus is unidirectional(only in one direction) in the processor. So, the flow of information on this bus is from the microprocessor to the attached device(memory module).
If the instruction contain four addresses what might be the purpose of each address?
1st address for operand.
2nd address for another operand.
3rd address for store the result.
4th address for next instruction.
Why memory is divided in even and odd banks in 8086 microprocessor?
in 8086 there is 20 bit address bus,so it can address 1,048,576 address.
At each address we can store 8 bit address (1-byte)but if want to write a word(16-bit)into a memory segment to store data in byte form then we write the data in two consecutive memory address which are even(low) and odd(high) memory.
Write division of two 8 bit number using assembly language of Intel 8086?
Mov ax,[2020h]
mov bx,[2022h]
mul bl
mov [2024h],ax
hlt
How is a procedure identified as near or far?
The far procedure is used at the place where the function call is given in main program and function definition is given in sub program....
What is the address space in a system with 16-bit addresses?
It depends on the size of the address bus, which is often different than the size of the data bus.
- If the address bus were 8 bits, then you could address 256 locations.
- If the address bus were 16 bits, such as in the 8085, then you could address 65,536 locations.
- If the address bus were 20 bits, such as in the 8086/8088, then you can address 1,048,576 locations.
Which are the highest priority interrupts?
when interrupts requests arrive from two or more devices simultaneously , the process has to decide which request should be serviced first and which one should delayed. the processor takes the decision with the help of interrupt priorities.
What are different program development tools?
A good IDE, or Integrated Development Environment, is useful but not necessary.
What you need is the language installed on your computer, with a compiler if you plan on releasing them, and a basic text editor not a word processor.
How many machine cycles require for call instruction in 8086?
It depends on the type of architecture and controller u use. It can be found in the instruction set documentation. It requires 18 cycles on the Intel 8085.
How_many_machine_cycles_require_for_call_instruction_in_8085
Execution unit bus interface unit function 0f 8086 8088?
The 8086/8088 is comprised of two major subsystems; the execution unit (EU), and the bus interface unit (BIU). They are relatively uncoupled, so they can run somewhat independently of each other. The EU is responsible for executing all of the instructions, while the BIU is responsible for processing the requests from the EU to and from external memory.
By separating these two major functions, Intel achieved two goals.
First, they were able to provide two versions of the same processor, one on an 8-bit bus (the 8088), and the other on a 16-bit bus (the 8086). Both EU's are the same, a 16-bit processor. The two flavors allow the system designer to choose the level of simplicity versus the level of performance.
Second, by decoupling the EU from the BIU, the BIU is now able to start fetching instructions from memory, while the EU is busy processing the previous instruction. Depending on the mix of instructions, the BIU is theoretically capable of having the next instruction already fetched and available by the time the EU needs it. This boosts performance.
What is tristate bus and how it used in microprocessor?
In Microprocessor based system devices are connected n parallel through the bus in this situation it is required that one device is interact with the bus at a time .If more than one device make communication wid bus then more then one signal is places that they will produce damaging current known as Bus Contention.To avoid bus contention tristate buffer are placed between buses and peripheral...
