Java Programming

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Micro systems and was released in 1995. This language was re-written many times and updated with more classes and packages. One man that made a great contribution to these updates is a man named Bill Joy, also known as "The einstein of the internet."

Multithreading in Java is the concept by which you can have multiple threads of execution running in parallel. Unfortunately the topic is too big to be summarized in one answers. You can check the related links section for links that can help you understanding this complex topic

Compile Time: In longer form, you might say, "at the time of compiling", or, "when the program is compiled".

When you compile a program, the compiler applies various processes to your source code in order to generate the executable files. These are actions that happen "at compile time".

Other actions happen when you actually run the finished program. These actions are said to occur, at, or in, "run time".

Java solves the problem of platform-independence by using

byte code. The Java compiler does not produce native

executable code for a particular machine like a C compiler

would. Instead it produces a special format called byte

code. Java byte code written in hexadecimal, byte by byte,

looks like this:

CA FE BA BE 00 03 00 2D 00 3E 08 00 3B 08 00 01 08 00 20 08

This looks a lot like machine language, but unlike machine

language Java byte code is exactly the same on every

platform. This byte code fragment means the same thing on a

Solaris workstation as it does on a Macintosh PowerBook.

Java programs that have been compiled into byte code still

need an interpreter to execute them on any given platform.

The interpreter reads the byte code and translates it into

the native language of the host machine on the fly. The most

common such interpreter is Sun's program java (with a little

j). Since the byte code is completely platform independent,

only the interpreter and a few native libraries need to be

ported to get Java to run on a new computer or operating

system. The rest of the runtime environment including the

compiler and most of the class libraries are written in Java.

All these pieces, the javac compiler, the java interpreter,

the Java programming language, and more are collectively

referred to as Java.

A method which is not abstract i.e. if a methods definition is given in the same class its declared is called concrete. where as abstract method would have no definition till the deep down of the hierarchy of class structure but ll ve a declaration in all the subclasses and definition in one subclass after which it need not be declared in the further subclasses. By the way defining the abstract method in a subclass would end the carrying of the declaration till down, but defining it is not mandatory where declaring is mandatory.

one of the world’s largest radio observatories

In closed subroutine a subroutine stored outside the main routine can be connected to it by linkages at one or more locations.

whereas in open subroutine is a set of computer instructions i.e. a subroutine that performs some particular program and insert them directly each and every time that particular function is required

The lang package contains classes for data types like Boolean, String etc and also some other classes like Thread.

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/lang/package-summary.html

Refer this for complete details.

Due to platform independence, a Java compiler will interpret Java source code into Java Byte Code and pass to the JVM, which will pass machine understandable code through to cpu. (clarification needed).A conventional compiler converts source code directly to machine code.(clarification needed).

SECR J class was created in 1913.

• OOP is a more complicated and structured paradigm than, say classic procedural programming.
• More planning and design is required on the programmer's part.
• OOP is less efficient in terms of a computer's resources than most other paradigms.
• OOP is a complex idea - no language including Java and C++ implements it perfectly.
• OOP may be overkill for smaller, simpler programs.

Embedded systems typically run on extremely limited hardware. Even the smallest implementation of Java (Micro Edition) can't compete with a small C implementation both in terms of memory footprint and execution speed.

import java.io.*;

class summ

{

public static void main()throws IOException

{

BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

int a[]=new int[10];

int sum=0;

float avg=0;

for(int i=0;i<10;i++)

{

System.out.println("Enter marks of student "+(i+1)+" : ");

a[i]=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());

sum+=a[i];

avg=sum;

}

avg/=10;

System.out.print("Sum= "+sum+"\nAverage= "+avg);

}

}

Yes, they are exactly the same, both of them increment k in 1.

class BackString

{

public static void main(String[] args)

{

//work out the length of args[]

int len=args.length;

//cycle forwards through the array string

for (int i=0; i<len; i++)

{

//how long is the word in characters?

int wordLen = args[i].length();

//cycle backwards through the word a char at a time

for (int j=wordLen-1; j>=0; j--)

{

System.out.print(args[i].charAt(j));

}

System.out.print(" ");

}

}

}

The implementation detail. Classes may provide a default implementation, interfaces provide only the method signatures

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<ctype.h>

main()

{

char string[80];

int n,k=0;

clrscr();

while((string[k]=getche())!='\r')

k++;

string[k]='\0';

n=k;

k=0;

while(k<n)

{

putchar(toupper(string[k]));

k++;

}

}

The default constructor is an empty (only call the super constructor) with no parameters constructor inserted by the java compiler when you don't define a constructor in your class. If you write something like this:

public class NoConstructorClass{

//no constructor goes here

}

Then you get something like this:

public class NoConstructorClass{

public NoConstructorClass(){ // Default constructor that you didn't write

super();

}

}

A default package is a package with no name. You can create a Java class without putting package name on top of the code. This class is included in the "default package".

Be careful not to be confused with java.lang, which is a package that contains Java's fundamental classes and get's imported by default.

You can download the Sun Java JRE Version 1.5.0_09 Here: http://java.sun.com/products/archive/j2se/5.0_09/index.html