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Linear Algebra

Linear algebra is the detailed study of vector spaces. With applications in such disparate fields as sociology, economics, computer programming, chemistry, and physics, including its essential role in mathematically describing quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, linear algebra has become one of the most essential mathematical disciplines for the modern world. Please direct all questions regarding matrices, determinants, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and linear transformations into this category.

2,176 Questions

What are the three types of outcomes for linear equations?

All the lines meet at one point: a single solution.

All the lines are the same: infinitely many solutions.

At least one of the lines does not pass through the point of intersection of the others: no solution.

What are ryanairs products?

Low cost flights mostly, however they sell on-board confectionery and other products including online ones.

What is the formula for matrices?

A matrix is an array of elements in m rows and n columns.

How can we solve linear equations in one variable?

First combine all like terms so that the equation is in the form

ax + b = 0

Subtract b from both sides to give ax = -b

Divide both sides by a which gives x = -b/a.

Cross product is?

Cross product is a mathematics term when there is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space.

What is 0 equals 81x squared-25?

Turn it around for my convenience.

81X^2 - 25 = 0

add 25 to each side

81X^2 = 25

divide both sides by 81

X^2 = 25/81

take square root both sides

X = sqrt(25/81

express as

X = sqrt(25)/sqrt(81)

do it

X = 5/9

----------------check in original equation

81(5/9)^2 - 25 = 0

81(25/81) - 25 = 0

25 - 25 = 0

0 = 0

checks

How thin films deposited using solution casting method?

In a nutshell, the process of producing thin films or membranes involves the following steps:

a polymer solution or melt is forced through a die/coating machine onto a backing or inert support, such as a sheet of nylon or even cellulosic paper. The newly deposited film on its backing is then fed, in the form of a continuously driven sheet, through a treatment process specific to the application. Finally, the sheet is packaged for later use, often by rolling it back up.

Here is a longer step by step description of the process:

1) polymer system is prepared. This involves the melting or dissolution of one or more polymers into a solvent system. This step may involve more complicated procedures than simply adding solids to a solvent or heating a solid until it melts. The specifics are ultimately determined by the application, the capacity and equipment available, and the

2) the polymer melt or solution is then fed through a die coating machine onto a backing of some kind. This is by far the most common process, and even when applications do not use a backing/support the film is still cast this way (later processing will peel it away).

other processes exist, such a spin coating, spray coating, etc. but this method is the most widely used in industry for the preparation of thin films or membranes.

This step is typically considered to be the most precise part of the entire process. The polymer must be fed at a constant, consistent, and reliable/accurate pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This must be achieved while depositing approximately 100-200 micrograms of polymer solution (ultimately about 20-40 micrograms of solids after the solvent has been removed) per square milimeter over a width of several feet and a length of many thousands of feet. A small scale operation should produce around 7,000 feet of membrane per day per casting machine, though it can be much much higher.

3) The newly coated polymer sheet is now treated by drawing the sheet through some collection of processes along a series of cylindrical rollers. Drying, heating or cooling, photo irradiation, doping (example: exposure to a dye, a particular chemical, a salt solution, etc.), pH balancing, and rinsing are common examples of treatment stages.

4) the sheet, now treated, is typically rolled back up for later processing.

It should be noted that not all films require the use of backing or support in their application

there are many applications which require that the polymer film be carefully peeled away from the backing at some later processing stage.

As a side note, I will mention the following about this particular method of thin film casting:

Its main historical application, and that which produced the most R&D and understanding of the theory underpinning this field of materials science, was the production of large quantities of Cellulosic (nitrate or acetate) film backing for use in chemical film. Unsurprisingly, Eastman Kodak held many of the patents and trade secrets related to this technology for many years, and they (Eastman Chemical Company) still operate as one of the main suppliers of cellulose acetate used for the production of membranes or films.

What is needed to decompose water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas?

Electrolysis is the process by which water can be split into Hydrogen Gas and Oxygen. This is done by running a current of electricity through the water which is diluted with sulphuric acid (or lemon water or salt) because it is a good conductor of electricity. Hydrogen is a Cation and Oxygen is an Anion then near the positive ends of the current you will find Hydrogen bubbles and the negative side you will find Oxygen bubbles.

What is the meaning of negative coefficient of x?

In the form y=mx+b, b is the y-intercept and m is the coefficient, so if an equation has a negative coefficient, m<0. As a graph, the slope of the line is negative.

What is parallel to y equals 2x 5?

All lines that have the same slope are parallel to each other. To determine which lines are parallel to the give equation, you must first have to determine the slope of the equation.

Notice that your equation is written in y = mx + b form, where m represents slope. In this case, m = 2. Any equation with a slope of 2 is parallel to your given line. For examples of lines that would be parallel, the following are all parallel:

y = 2x

y = 2x + 1

y = 2x + 2

y = 2x + 100

What is another name for base in math?

Another name for base is the number on the bottom of the triangle.

How do you teach simultaneous equation to a slow student?

Explain your equation very slowly and in the simplest way possible,that way they can understand it better. Not.

Depending on how they learn best, you could provide them an example with an explanation. Then, use manipulatives (items to represent the numbers) to show them how it looks. If you want the person to be able to do the process, provide a list of steps and help them follow them. By the way, your first example should resemble those steps. Give them examples using single digits to practice on.

Generally, it is best to have the student memorize the math facts prior to teaching them processes. Then, they don't have to do two things at once.

What is equivalent of a tie?

A score of say 2 2 between teams is a draw which is the equivalent of a tie

What is cram rule Mathematics?

Cramer's Rule is a method for using Matrix manipulation to find solutions to sets of Linear equations.

Can you give me a non-example of acute?

Yes. A banana is a non-example of acute. In fact it is also a non-example of an angle!

How do you find the slope-intercept form of 3y-4x equals 9?

Slope intercept form is y=mx+b, where m is just some constant number and so is b. First we need to isolate the y. So if we are given 3y-4x=9, we should add 4x to both sides. Now we have 3y=4x+9, so we can divide both sides by 3, which gives us y=(4/3)x + 3. The slope is 4/3 and the y-intercept is 3.

How do you use a variance-covariance matrix to obtain least squares estimates?

Suppose that you have simple two variable model:

Y=b0+b1X1+e

The least squares estimator for the slope coefficient, b1 can be obtained with

b1=cov(X1,Y)/var(X1)

the intercept term can be calculated from the means of X1 and Y

b0=mean(Y)-b1*mean(X1)

In a larger model, Y=b0+b1X1+b2X2+e

the estimator for b1 can be found with

b1=(cov(X1,Y)var(X2)-cov(X2,Y)cov(X1,X2))/(var(X1)var(X2)-cov(X1,X2)2)

to find b2, simply swap the X1 and X2 terms in the above to get

b2=(cov(X2,Y)var(X1)-cov(X1,Y)cov(X1,X2))/(var(X1)var(X2)-cov(X1,X2)2)

Find the intercept with

b0=mean(Y)-b1*mean(X1)-b2*mean(X2)

Beyond two regressors, it just gets ugly.

What is the Product of two Matrices?

The product of a p x q and a r x s matrix is defined only if q = r and, if so, it is a p x s matrix.