Local Area Network

topology is function of x..........then the family of x belong to topology

because one layer is the electrical part, and the other layer is the place where the switch is on.

No, it uses TCP. See related link

there are three types of switching techniques

1) circuit switcching

2) Packet switching

3)Message switching

because the tcp is reliable

invalid ip address means which password you who are not correct.

A Network about Greyhounds.

All peers must be at the very same level. There must not be a server or any peer neither indexing nor monitoring the network.

Mass distribution of such devices is costly.

The DHCP protocol is used for this purpose.

There isn't really a limit to the amount of ports, ive seen a port 9999 before,

I often use high number ports that arnt assigned to anything.

The maximum number is 65,535 as noted in the link below.

The subnet mask; it has to be the same for both units. Also, they have to be on the same network segment.

Network

Well, you need a network interface card to connect to the Internet and/or your network. I'm pretty sure the answer is no.

Session layer

No, because there is a hub between star topology and every station connect to that central hub. hub cause broadcast and congession since packet loss is more likely to occur. I suggest that mesh topology is more faster as there is a dedicated link to each node.

The receiver acknowledges packets it has received, and if the sender doesn't get an acknowledgment, it will eventually re-send the doubtful packet

A switch examines the frame for the MAC address information and adds it to its internal switching table as each frame passes through the switch.

Ascii is not a protocol - it describes a computer system's character set. Communication with a Modbus PLC requires an understanding of how to communicate and the protocol (set of rules) does describe this.

Ascii is a set of values describing the Latin codepage set that can represent certain characters in data. There are no communications "rules" with Ascii, just a data representation.

well, firstly, downloading an infected program and starts it. after that, it will start copying itself and will attaches itself to other programs. after that some or all programs will be infected by it.

It depends on how many bits you are using for the network prefix. The formula is 2n - 2 for the number of subnets available in a prefix, or 2n if you allow the use of the 0th subnet.

wins resolve the netbios name to the system name

The most popular example of UDP protocol usage is video streaming such as Youtube, Twitch, etc.

A LAN network adapter, a LAN cable and a switch or hub.

In most, but not all networks, rather than transmitting data in small pieces such a single character at a time, data will be sent in a larger piece referred to as a packet. The size of the packet is a tradeoff between network sharing, speed and error detection and recovery. Standard Ethernet uses a packet size of about 1500 bytes, while Wi-Fi defaults to a bit more than 2300 bytes.