Molecular Biology

Sugar molecules are formed through a process called photosynthesis in plants, where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and fructose using sunlight as an energy source. These simple sugars can then be combined to form more complex sugars like sucrose, which are essential for providing energy to living organisms.

Lipids are considered "weird" because they are structurally diverse and can serve various functions, including energy storage, cell signaling, and building cell membranes. They are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix well with water, which contributes to their unique properties and functions in biological systems. Their ability to store a high amount of energy per gram makes them essential for long-term energy storage in living organisms.

No, water molecules do not pollute water. Pollution typically refers to the introduction of harmful substances into water, such as chemicals or waste products, which can have negative impacts on water quality and aquatic life. Water molecules themselves are not pollutants.

Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions are common forces that hold separate molecules together. These forces are relatively weak compared to covalent or ionic bonds, allowing molecules to interact without forming strong chemical bonds.

Yes, biogeochemical cycles involve the transformation and reuse of molecules such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water among organisms and the environment. These cycles are essential for sustaining life on Earth by ensuring that essential nutrients are recycled and available for use by organisms.

There is no specific term called "molecular rock." Rocks are generally made up of minerals, which are composed of atoms bonded together in a specific arrangement. The properties and composition of rocks can vary based on the minerals present in them.

Molecular biology activity stops at around -40 degrees Fahrenheit, which is equivalent to -40 degrees Celsius. At this low temperature, water molecules freeze, halting the movement and functioning of biological molecules.

ISMB stands for Indian Standard Medium Weight Beams. It is a common type of structural steel beam used in construction and engineering projects.

Molecules vibrate most in the gas phase because the molecules have more freedom of movement and space to move around compared to the liquid or solid phases. In the gas phase, molecules have higher kinetic energy, leading to more vigorous and rapid vibration.

The full form of CCMB is the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. It is a premier research institution in India that conducts research in the field of modern biology.

Yes, both c3h7oh (propan-1-ol) and c2h5cooh (acetic acid) are polar molecules because they contain polar covalent bonds due to differences in electronegativity between the atoms involved in the bonds (e.g. C-O and O-H bonds). These differences in electronegativity result in an uneven distribution of electron density, making the molecules polar overall.

Lipids are a diverse group of large biological molecules that are insoluble in water. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, and serve various functions in the body such as energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling molecules. Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in varying ratios.

There are many cells that loose their capability to divide after certain period of time ( a phenomenon known as replicative senescence in molecular biology). These cells are differentiated and are accustomed to the functions to which they are destined. Most of the cells in the animals are not able to divide, the best examples being neurons and cardiac cells.

Polysaccharides

Hydrolysis

Molecular biology is the study of how proteins and other molecules interact.

Plant Molecular Biology studies this in plants.

Each gene is a blueprint for a protein, and it is variation in genes that produces the differences between species, as well as inherited differences between individuals of the same species. So, by studying life at the molecular level we can gain new insights into nature of life.

Plant molecular biology might include identifying and understanding useful proteins in one species that confer a trait such as disease or drought resistance, and introducing them into another species which you would like to have that trait.

Alternatively, it might be useful for inventing a new weed killer that is specific to weed species, but does not kill the crop you are trying to protect.

Phase transitions in molecules occur when there is a change in the arrangement of the molecules, leading to a change in their physical state (e.g., solid to liquid, liquid to gas). These transitions typically occur in response to changes in temperature or pressure.

CBr4 is a molecular compound because it consists of nonmetallic elements (carbon and bromine) bonded together through covalent bonds. Ionic compounds typically form between a metal and a nonmetal, with electrons being transferred rather than shared.

Corn starch is a molecular compound. It is composed of long chains of glucose molecules linked together by covalent bonds, making it a type of polysaccharide.

Water molecules are able to pass through cell membranes via specialized proteins called aquaporins. Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across membranes by creating a channel for water molecules to pass through while preventing other molecules from entering. This selective permeability helps to regulate the flow of water in and out of cells.

Lac operon is a set of genes that regulates the digestion of lactose. In absence of lactose in the medium, the repressor protein binds to the operator that inhibit the transcription of structural genes such as beta galactosidase, lactose permease and transacetylase. This makes sure to avoid the enzyme synthesis when there is no need!
Conversely, when the lactose present in the medium, an isomer of lactose called allolactose bind to the repressor protein, the conformational change in the repressor let it to detach from repressor hence the RNA polymerase can transcribe the structural gene. Although this may be enough for synthesis of structual gene the system is tightly regulated by a protein called CAP (catabolite activator protein) and glucose.
Glucose is a preferred source of energy for cell when this desirable source is present, lactose need not be used as a energy resource. What happens is there will be low level of cAMP when there is high amount of glucose and this keeps CAP inactive.
When there is low glucose levels, the cAMP would be higher, that binds to CAP to make it active, which in turn binds to the promoter that enhance the transcription of structural genes.
Thus, for efficient transcription lac operon structural genes, lactose must be present where glucose must be absent.

Transcriptomics is the study of all the RNA transcripts produced by the genes of an organism under specific conditions. It involves analyzing the quantity, structure, expression, and regulation of RNA molecules to gain insights into gene expression patterns and molecular mechanisms within cells. Transcriptomics is a valuable tool for understanding how genes are controlled and how they function in various biological processes.

CH3OH is a molecular compound. It is composed of covalent bonds between the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, which involves the sharing of electrons between the atoms.

Proteins are produced as polymer of amino acid chains. They gain secondary structure elements such as alpha helix, beta sheet during folding and for their three dimensional structure. Some proteins such as Hemoglobin make quaternary structure where they form the final structure with four different subunits of two different proteins interacting each other.