Nervous System

The somatic nervous system issues somatic motor commands that control voluntary muscle movements in the body. These commands are sent from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, allowing for purposeful physical actions such as walking, reaching, and speaking.

No, calcium itself is not a neurotransmitter BUT it is highly important in the process of the action potential. The action potential triggers the influx of calcium at the end of the terminal bouton, causing the influx of Ca2+ into the cell and this triggers for the release of the neurotransmitter. :)

Vitamin A is responsible for the synthesis of rhodopsin, which is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the retina. Rhodopsin plays a crucial role in the process of vision in low-light conditions.

The respiratory system works to bring oxygen into the body through inhalation and transport it to the muscles via the bloodstream. The circulatory system then delivers oxygenated blood to the muscles and removes carbon dioxide produced during exercise. Together, these systems help maintain adequate oxygen levels for the runner's muscles during physical activity.

These symptoms could indicate a seizure, which is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and appropriate treatment options.

The olfactory epithelium, located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, is responsible for receiving the stimulus for smell. It contains specialized sensory neurons that detect odor molecules in the air.

The human brain belongs to the nervous system.

Yes, during the fight or flight response, the brain releases stress hormones like adrenaline, which can lead to increased alertness, focus, and the ability to react quickly to potential threats. This heightened state of arousal helps prepare the body to respond to danger.

The NMDA channel allows calcium and sodium ions to enter the nerve cell in response to glutamate binding. These ions play key roles in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.

Every time neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron it generates an excitatory post synaptic potential(EPSP) in the postsynaptic neuron. When the EPSP is greater than the threshold for excitation an action potential is generated.

In myelinated axons, the voltage gated sodium ions are located along the nodes of Ranvier, the exposed places between the myelin segments. The gates here, however, are not particularly more concentrated than on other un-myelinated axons.

TRUE

No, neuroglia cells cannot transmit action potentials. They provide support and insulation to neurons, helping in their functions. Action potentials are transmitted through the neurons themselves.

Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord can be defined as billions of neuroglial nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated axons. It is responsible for processing information, including sensory perception, decision-making, and motor control.

Nerve cells, or neurons, have a unique shape with long extensions called dendrites to receive signals and an axon to transmit signals over long distances. This elongated structure allows neurons to communicate rapidly with other cells in the body. Moreover, neurons also have specialized structures called synapses that facilitate communication with other neurons or target cells.

Equilibrium and the activities of muscles and joints are monitored by proprioceptors. Proprioceptors can be found in joints and skeletal striated muscles.
proprioceptors
proprioceptors

In a myelinated fiber, voltage-regulated channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier along the axon. These nodes are where action potentials are regenerated, allowing for faster conduction of the electrical signal compared to unmyelinated fibers. The initial segment before the first node acts as the trigger zone for action potential initiation.

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing and integrating information from the body and coordinating responses to stimuli.

Neurons make up only about 10% of the cells in the nervous system but they play a crucial role in transmitting and processing information. Glial cells, which provide support and protection to neurons, make up the majority of cells in the nervous system.

During action potential transmission, the signal is carried along the neuronal membrane by the movement of ions such as sodium and potassium across the membrane. This movement creates changes in the membrane potential, allowing the signal to travel down the length of the neuron.

The nervous system receives information from internal body organs and external environments. Internal body organs send feedback signals about functions like heart rate and temperature, while external environments provide sensory input such as touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell.

Inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system activity causes the salivary glands to become dry or produce less saliva. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for stimulating saliva production and secretion.

The portion of the nervous system that is most closely associated with the contraction of the cardiac muscle is the autonomic nervous system.

Bundles of neuron processes are called tracts in the cns and nerves in the pns

Epilepsy is a disorder of the nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, often resulting in temporary changes in behavior, awareness, or sensation. Treatment for epilepsy usually involves medications, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes surgery.

Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress can lead to symptoms such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, pupil dilation, dilated airways, increased sweating, and decreased digestion. These physiological responses help prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response to perceived threats.