Nuclear Physics

Fission is the splitting of the nucleus of a large heavy atom such as uranium into two smaller parts. Fusion is the sticking together of two light nuclei to make a heavier one, as occurs in the stars. Both processes release energy.

A = mass number = sum of p+ and n0

Z = atomic number = no. of p+

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, so if an one were to be emitted from a radioactive atom, the atomic number (Z) would be reduced by two, and the mass number (A) would be reduced by four.

Your question translates to the following:

9Be +alpha gives 12 B +?

A valid nuclear reaction must conserve atomic number and mass number, ie, if we write atomic numbers and mass numbers of elements in the reaction, the values that atomic numbers add up to on the right hand side must be same as that which they add to on the left hand side. The same of mass numbers too.

Atomic numbers : 4 + 2 = 5 + ? So, the unknown element has an atomic number of one, that's hydrogen.

Mass numbers: 9 + 4 = 12 + ? So, the unknown element(which we identified as hydrogen) has a mass number of 1, hence the missing element is 1H (a proton).

Therefore, the complete equation would be:

9 Be + 4 He gives 12 B + 1 H.

Yes, exposure to high levels of radioactivity can be harmful and even fatal. The amount of radiation and the duration of exposure both play a role in determining the potential health effects. It is important to limit and control exposure to radioactive materials to prevent harm.

Einsteinium is not mined as it is a man-made element produced in nuclear reactors by bombarding heavier elements with neutrons. It is typically produced in very small quantities and is not commercially mined due to its radioactive nature and short half-life. Once produced, einsteinium can be isolated and purified through various chemical processes.

89 37 Rb

- Uses for thermoelectric generators (Cm 242 and Cm 244); now these isotopes has some disadvantages.

- Also for the analysis of rocks on other planets; curium is used as particle source for alpha particle X-ray spectrometers

- experiments in chemistry/physics of superheavy elements

No way has yet been found to reach break-even in a controlled fusion reaction and get as much energy out as was needed to put in to start the reaction. To make a reactor you need to go past break-even and release extra energy.

The most uniform and universal cause for decay of Cultural property is Gravity. Other main causes of decay are due to Natural agents and Man-made agents. Natural agents include natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, lightening, etc. Through out human history, We have seen spectacular destructive effect on cultural property due to natural disaster. The damage caused by natural disaster are substantial and irreversible. Climatic factors are also natural agents which result in decay of Cultural properties. Climatic factors like rain, wind, sunlight, radiation (especially short wave radiation) cause decay. In climatic factors, sunlight for instance, heats the surface of the building which causes expansion and contraction resulting in cracks. In case of rains, the humidity enhances vegetation growth and moss growth of building surfaces. In case of heavy rains it may wash away the building material. If rain water not drained properly can accumulate and penetrate in the building which will result i further decay of the building. These environmental elements make up for the macro climate of any region; when coupled with local conditions of the region (micro-climate) like mountains, valleys, altitude, proximity to water bodies also add to the causes of decay. Ground water table if high can cause decay as it dampen the foundation, due to its rise because of the capillary action. Also this ground water contains salts, chlorides and sulphites, which can chemically affect the building. Biological growth and botanical growth causes are natural agents for decay. Animals like monkeys and cattle can cause damage. Bats can also cause damage to the cultural property as they give off harmful odour and their urine and excreta stains the surfaces due to chemical reaction. Birds use old structures as their nesting place and bring seeds with them, which when thrown away or when excreted out will result in vegetation growth. Pigeons are an apt example of such a case. Entomological causes of decay due to insects, termites, moths, beetles, ants are also the natural agents. Human factors or man-made agents causes the maximum decay. Human causes are numerous and in most cases they are by-products of industrial activity in quest for wealth. Man-made agents like war, new development, pollution are all causes of decay. Incongruous or insensitive additions and alterations may deface and damage the building structurally as well as aesthetically. Pollution can cause acid rains due to emission of gasses in atmosphere. It also causes dust deposition on the building surface which results in blackening of the building surfaces. Fire is a major cause of damage, sometimes by accident and sometimes due to incidence like arson. Neglect and ignorance, lack of maintenance, theft and vandalism are human factors of or man-made agents for decay of cultural properties. Theft can happen in case of valuables and sculptures, etc. Vandalism can cause anything with the building from graffiti to destruction. It can exhibit iconoclastic behavior of the people. Heavy flow of people (tourist) if not managed properly can cause damage to building or lead to vandalism. Also, if Tourism is not managed properly can lead to over-crowding, stamped, littering of places, commercialization, etc. The causes of decay are also classified as Extrinsic (external agents leading to decay) and Intrinsic (internal agents inherent to the building).

In the case of the sun, we get the energy by radiation. In man-made fusion, which has not been achieved yet except for a very brief moment in an experimental facility, it is hoped to get the energy which will be emitted by the gaseous plasma. Theoretically, more energy should be released than is put in to start the plasma reaction. However the actual design of a working plant is not as far as I know established yet.

The Narora Nuclear Power Plant is located in the Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The plant consists of two pressurized heavy water reactors: Narora-1 and Narora-2, with a total capacity of 440 megawatts.

No, alpha particles have low penetration abilities and can be stopped by a layer of clothing or even a piece of paper. However, caution should still be taken with exposure to alpha emitters, as they can be harmful if inhaled or ingested.

Just divide the original amount by 2, 4 times: 10; 5; 2.5; 1.25. The final number is the answer.

Alpha can be stopped by limiting access to harmful materials, providing education and support for those at risk, and implementing policies that discourage extremist ideologies. Building strong communities with open dialogue and promoting tolerance can also help prevent the spread of radicalization. Collaboration between governments, law enforcement, and community organizations is essential in addressing the root causes of extremism.

I'm unable to provide diagrams. However, a negative charge is typically denoted by an "−" sign next to the charge symbol, such as "−Q" for an electron with charge Q. In physics equations, the negative sign indicates the charge's direction or sign.

The energy released in radioactive decay comes from the conversion of mass from the parent atom into energy according to Einstein's famous equation, E=mc². This energy is released in the form of radiation or kinetic energy of the decay products.

The daughter product that remains after the alpha decay of polonium-212 is lead-208. During alpha decay, polonium-212 loses an alpha particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, resulting in the transformation to lead-208.

Rutherford discovered that the nucleus occupies a very small volume compared to the overall size of the atom. He found that the nucleus is extremely dense and contains nearly all the mass of the atom, while the rest of the atom is mostly empty space.

I do not see an isotope of iridium that does alpha decay. There is an interactive link to isotopes below. (Perhaps I am missing it.)

A science project on antimatter could be suitable for high school students, particularly those in grades 10-12. The topic involves complex physics concepts that may be more challenging for younger students to grasp. It would be best if the project is tailored to their understanding and skill level.

emitting radiation due to unstable atomic nuclei that are undergoing radioactive decay. This can result in the release of alpha or beta particles, gamma rays, or neutrons. It is important to handle radioactive substances with care to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Its actually the sub atomic particle electrons present in the atom which revolve in a definite path called orbit around the nucleus of the atom consisting of another two sub atomic particles namely proton and neuron that take part in the chemical reaction.

shortly its the electron.

An alpha particle is sometimes symbolized by the Greek lower case letter alpha (α). Also, because an alpha particle, which is 2 protons and 2 neutrons, is the nucleus of a helium-4 atom, you may see He2+ or 42He2+ used to write (symbolize) an alpha particle. This is particularly true in nuclear equations that are balanced in a manner similar to a chemical equation. Links can be found below.

• he didnt discover atoms
• he discovered the nucleus and electrons though
• he did this with his gold goil experiment
• technically the first person known to have a therory about atoms was democritus whic was sometime BCE
• democritus' theory was not accepted until sometime in the 1800s by John Dalton who made a very basic model
• then JJ Thompson discovered protons and electrons
• then rutherford made his discoveries