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Nuclear Physics

Most commonly known for its applications in nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, Nuclear Physics also has applications in medicine and archaeology. This category is for questions about the branch of physics that deals with the study of the forces, reactions, and internal structures of atomic nuclei, Nuclear Physics.

3,164 Questions

Can 5 atomic bombs destroy the world population?

Depends on the size of the charge, how close you are to the blast, what type of bomb it it and where it goes off. If you're at ground zero you'll simply evaporate, then you get burns + radiation, then only radiation, then nothing. Oh, you might get hit by whatever shrapnel the blast might throw around too.

What is real time imaging?

Real-time imaging refers to capturing and displaying visual data in a continuous and instantaneous manner. It involves the immediate processing and presentation of images or videos as they are being recorded, allowing for live monitoring and analysis of the data in real time. This technology is commonly used in fields such as medical imaging, surveillance, and video conferencing.

What is the spontaneous breakdown of the atomic nucleus called?

The spontaneous breakdown of the atomic nucleus is called nuclear decay. This process occurs when an unstable nucleus emits radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays to achieve a more stable configuration.

What are the percent natural abundances of the two isotopes Ru-85 and Ru-87?

Their percent natural abundances are Ru-85 (72. 2 percent) and Ru-87 (27. 8 percent). Ru-85 and Ru-87 are the only naturally occurring isotopes of Rubidium out of its 35 known isotopes.

What are fragments of atoms called?

Fragments of atoms may be described as subatomic particles, or they may be described by using fission fragments as a descriptive term. By looking at both instances, we might be able to see how they apply.

Probably the most familiar to us of the particles that "fragment" off or or out of atoms are are the products of radioactive decay of some unstable atoms. These include the alpha particle, the beta particle (which could be either an electron or a positron) and the neutron. We know that the alpha particle is composed of a pair or protons and a pair of neutrons. It's really a helium-4 nucleus, but it does qualify as a fragment of an atomic nucleus. The electron and the positron are emitted from unstable nuclei in beta minus and beta plus decay events, respectively. Neither particle exists in the nucleus of the atom, but is created during beta nuclear decay. Additionally, the positron is an anti-electron, so it does not constitute an atomic fragment (except perhaps in an antimatter universe). Lastly, the neutron can be seen emerging from an event called spontaneous fission, and we'll cover that (spontaneous fission) separately. Additionally, though the proton and neutron are actually composite particles, we'll not break them down here.

In spontaneous fission, a very heavy (and unstable) nucleus spontaneously "splits" or fissions. There are a handful of radionuclides that do this, but the most commonly known ones are uranium and plutonium. We know these two elements from ideas we've been exposed to concerning nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. In spontaneous fission, the unstable nucleus of a given atom just "splits" and breaks approximately in half. A pair of fission fragments (that's what they're actually called) will appear, and they'll be leaving the event with tremendous kinetic energy. We'll also see one or more neutrons appear as well. This is the basis for the beginning of a nuclear chain reaction, by the way. These ideas pretty much cover what we might call the "fragments of atoms" as they appear when something happens to an atomic nucleus. (If you're looking for the "building blocks of atoms, they'd be the protons, neutrons and electrons, and you'll find a number of different questions dealing with those ideas within WikiAnswers.

Some "hard core" physics types might try to convince us that neutron emission and proton emission are possible. They'd be correct. But we usually skip them because we only see neutron emission from the a handful of radionuclides, and they all short-lived and artificially created in the physics lab. Proton emission (and the rare double proton emission) are again products of a handful of extremely short-lived radionuclides, and they, too, are artificially created in the physics lab. Links can be found below to related questions on WikiAnswers that might allow the curious investigator to delve further into the world of radioactivity and nuclear physics. Anyone wishing to advance his knowledge must start somewhere, so why not there?

Difference between gravitational force and magnetic force?

Gravitational force is the attractive force between two masses due to their mass, while magnetic force is the force between moving electric charges due to their motion. Gravitational force acts universally on all objects with mass, while magnetic force only affects objects with moving charges. Additionally, gravitational force is always attractive, while magnetic force can be either attractive or repulsive.

Why neptunium and elements of atomic number 95 and higher are not present in nature but plutonium?

1. Plutonium and neptunium exist in the Earth crust, in uranium ores as a result of transmutation reactions of uranium, in extremely low concentrations.

2. An explanation for these extremely low concentrations: is the fact that Pu and Np also decay to other radioactive isotopes (the half lives not so great of Pu and Np isotopes don't permit the accumulation on earth), the transmutation reactions are very rare (the number of neutrons from the spontaneous fission of uranium is low, the neutron capture cross section is not great, etc.).

What can beta particles pass through?

  • Skin to a depth of up to half an inch depending on energy, leaving a beta burn. The burned skin will blister and peel to the depth of the burn like a sunburn.
  • Metal foils.
  • Air for several yards.

What element is produced when a gold nucleus gains a proton?

When a gold nucleus gains a proton, it becomes a mercury nucleus. This occurs through the process of beta-plus decay, where a proton transforms into a neutron, resulting in a change in atomic number from 79 (gold) to 80 (mercury).

What do you use Radium for?

In the past radium was used for radiotherapy of some cancers or as a component of luminescent paintings. Now radium has very limited uses: source of neutrons as Ra-Be, source of radon, research laboratories.

Do Komodo dragons attack people?

Yes, Komodo dragons have been known to attack people, although it is rare. They are powerful predators and can be aggressive if they feel threatened or provoked. It's always best to keep a safe distance and not approach them in the wild.

Who discovered atomic orbital?

The concept of atomic orbitals was developed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926 as part of the development of quantum mechanics. Atomic orbitals describe the probability distribution of an electron around the nucleus of an atom.

What is fission temperature?

Fission temperature refers to the temperature at which nuclear fission reactions can occur. For uranium-235, which is commonly used in nuclear reactors, the optimal fission temperature is around 572°F (300°C). Controlling the fission temperature is crucial for maintaining the stability and efficiency of a nuclear power plant.

How does radiation travel?

Radiation travels through space or material in the form of energy waves or particles. The three main types of radiation are electromagnetic (such as light), particle (such as alpha or beta particles), and acoustic (such as sound waves). The movement of radiation is determined by factors such as its energy level and the medium it is traveling through.

How do write equation for alpha decay of actinium-225?

An alpha particle consists of 4 nucleons, which are 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

In alpha decay, an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus of an atom, so the atom loses 2 protons, and a total of 4 nucleons.

The atomic number of an atom undergoing alpha decay is reduced by 2, the number of protons lost, and the mass number is reduced by 4, the number of nucleons lost.

In the electron charge to mass experiment if the electron is replaced by a proton or neutron would the charge to mass ratio value still be the same why or why not?

Compared to the (charge/mass) ratio of the electron:

-- The (charge/mass) ratio of the proton is much smaller; although the proton charge is equal to the electron charge, the proton mass is much larger, by a factor of more than 1,800.

-- The (charge/mass) ratio of the neutron is zero, because the neutron charge is zero.

What are the limitations of a cyclotron?

There are basically two applications for the cyclotron. It's a particle accelerator, and, though it can be adapted to accelerate any charged particle, it is most frequently applied to accelerate positive charges. Protons are frequently the choice. We use the cyclotron in the physics lab, and in medicine. In the medical area we are developing the cyclotron as a proton treatment source. More medical facilities are being set up with the cyclotron providing accelerated protons to irradiate tissue. The proton, unlike gamma rays, has a depth of penetration that can be finely tuned (by "tuning" the cyclotron) to limit damage to other tissues. The cyclotron is also used to create radioactive materials that are used as radiation sources which can be implanted. The radioactive materials can also be used as tracers in medical work ups and in research, and also to provide "luminosity" in some imaging because of the way tissue takes up these selected materials. These mostly short-lived radionuclides are "big business" in medical and biophysics. In the physics laboratory, we use the cyclotron to create particle streams that we then slam into targets. This is the continuation of research to investigate the quantum mechanical world. The cyclotron can be used to "feed" another or other accelerators to get higher energies and a "bigger bang" in the world of collisions, called scattering.

Why do the electrons of the Perspex rods get transferred to the cloth when rubbed?

static electricity; there are more electron on the rod, so when the two objects come together, the electrons would naturally go to the cloth. Think of it as when you're in a ROM and the door's finally open to an empty space, people would naturally want to spread out there.

What radioactive elements were discovered after radium?

Actinium, americium, astatinium, berkelium, bohrium, californium, copernicium, curium, darmstadtium, dubnium, einsteinium, fermium, francium, hassium, lawrencium, meitnerium, mendelevium, neptunium, nobelium, plutonium, prometium, protactinium, radon, roentgenium, rutherfordium, seaborgium, tehnetium, ununtrium, ununquatrium, ununpentium, ununhexium, ununoctium

How much antimatter have humans ever made?

We have created 20 nanograms of antimatter. To get you on track, one nanogram is a billionth of a gram.

Antimatter is very hard to make, so far only a very small quantity has ever been produced;

much less than a milligram has ever been produced and yes there is a way to store it. It's called the penning trap.

The penning trap is a container in extreme vacuum and magnetic fields. This is to prevent the antimatter from touching air, since air is made of matter.

Can alpha particles penetrate the skin?

No, alpha particles cannot penetrate the skin. They have low penetration power and are typically stopped by clothing or the outer layer of skin. However, alpha-emitting materials can be harmful if inhaled, ingested, or exposed to through an open wound.

What is a type of radioactive decay that involves emission from the nucleus of a high speed antimatter particle that is a counterpart of the electron?

This is beta decay, specifically beta plus decay. The beta particle that appears is the positron, which is the antimatter particle of the electron. Links can be found below for more information.

Isotope A has half-life of seconds and isotope B has a half-life of millions of years which isotope is more radioactive?

Isotope A is more radioactive because it has a shorter half-life, indicating a faster rate of decay. A shorter half-life means that more of the isotope will undergo radioactive decay in a given time period compared to an isotope with a longer half-life.

Explain Nuclear forces and their properties-meson theory?

Nuclear forces are the strong forces that hold protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus. They are mediated by particles called mesons, which are exchanged between nucleons to produce this attractive force. Meson theory describes the exchange of mesons between nucleons and helps explain the short-ranged nature of nuclear forces and the stability of atomic nuclei.