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Operating Systems
Operating systems, both proprietary and open-source, include those produced by Microsoft, Linux, and Apple Mac
4,423 Questions
What are the advantages of threads in Operating System?
In simple terms, they allow you to multitask better, meaning run multiple programs without experiencing a major decrease in performance.
What is a register in operating system?
A, special, high-speed storage area within the CPU. All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. For example, if two numbers are to be multiplied, both numbers must be in registers, and the result is also placed in a register. (The register can contain the address of a memory location where data is stored rather than the actual data itself.)
The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) help determine the power and speed of a CPU. For example a 32-bit CPU is one in which each register is 32 bits wide. Therefore, each CPU instruction can manipulate 32 bits of data.
Usually, the movement of data in and out of registers is completely transparent to users, and even to programmers. Only assembly language programs can manipulate registers. In high-level languages, the compiler is responsible for translating high-level operations into low-level operations that access registers.
<ANSWERED BY:-SONU BARNWAL, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF BIHAR>
What are some names of operating system software?
MS DOS 3.0
MS DOS 4.0
MS DOS 5.0
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.1
Windows 3.11/For Workgroups Windows95
Windows98
Windows NT 5.0
Windows 2000
WIndows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Mac OS X
Linux
Unix
What is difference between machine language and assembly language?
Machine language is the actual bits used to control the processor in the computer, usually viewed as a sequence of hexadecimal numbers (typically bytes). The processor reads these bits in from program memory, and the bits represent "instructions" as to what to do next.
Thus machine language provides a way of entering instructions into a computer (whether through switches, punched tape, or a binary file).
Assembly language is a more human readable view of machine language. Instead of representing the machine language as numbers, the instructions and registers are given names (typically abbreviated words, or mnemonics, eg ld means "load"). Unlike a high level language, assembler is very close to the machine language. The main abstractions (apart from the mnemonics) are the use of labels instead of fixed memory addresses, and comments.
An assembly language program (ie a text file) is translated to machine language by an assembler. A disassemblerperforms the reverse function (although the comments and the names of labels will have been discarded in the assembler process).
machine language faster than assembly language even than assembly language depend upon machine language
How spooling work in operating system?
Spooling usually involves saving temporary data to memory or hard drive. A common use of spooling is to format a print job in the computer before sending it to the printer. The print spool holds data until the printer is ready to accept it.
What are examples of computer software?
Software is any thing that you cannot physically touch, but can be found on a computer. Software is generally programs that communicate with your computer in some way that allows you to complete a task. Some examples of software are:
Internet Explorer
Mozilla Firefox
Skype
World of Warcraft
Just think of any program you open in your computer. These are all software.
How can you boot the operating system on an IBM ThinkPad 570 without the hard drive?
How do you get a computer to boot up with no hard drive? What are the steps or what is the process of getting a hard drive installed into your computer if it is not bootable because of a missing hard drive.
What are 3 elements of computer system and their examples?
Basic Computer Elements: In generally used computers one can find that there are four basic computer elements following are the elements.
(1) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The ALU is the digital circuit that is able to perform different types of functions, such as Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication etc.
(2) Control Unit: The control unit is the part of CPU (central processing unit) or other devices that performs the duty to direct its operations, the control unit is just like a finite state machine that has some finite states and the transaction from one state to the other state is called action.
(3) Memory: The memory is another very important element of the computer without memory the computer can't operate in today's modern age it is called the RAM (Random Access Memory) when ever we give some instruction to the computer it passes through RAM to the Processor and the processor processes it and send it back. The main reason behind memory is that it is faster in communication with the processor then the other memory devices such as hard disk etc.
(4) Input/output devices: The input and output devices is another important element for example the processor is the input device and it gives its output to the monitor etc for output.
There is another very important point the basic elements are considered as CPU (central Processing Unit), I/O devices, and Memory actually the CPU is the composition of different other elements such as ALU, Control Unit, Registers which is another type of memory.
What is the importance of micro computer packages operation 2?
Generally, microcomputer packages refer to software suites that perform various tasks on a microcomputer. The "operation 2" could indicate a second level or advanced set of functions within such a package. These functions are critical for enhancing productivity, automating tasks, and enabling more complex computational work.
Where was the first computer mouse was made?
Well the first mouse was invented by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor, but the design was not patented.
Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute invented the wheel-based mouse in 1963. The first ball-based mouse was invented by Bill English at Xerox PARC in 1972.
Douglas Engelbart
How does modern operating system architecture work?
The collection of software that directs a computer's operations, controlling and scheduling the execution of other programs, and managing storage, input/output, and communication resources. -Umpalumpa
What is the difference between Linux and Linux kernel?
Linux refers to an open-source operating system kernel and the broader ecosystem of software and applications that often run on top of it. The term "Linux" is often used colloquially to refer to an entire operating system, but technically, it specifically refers to the kernel.
The Linux kernel is the core part of the operating system. It is responsible for managing hardware resources, providing essential services to software applications, and facilitating communication between software and hardware components. The kernel handles tasks such as process scheduling, memory management, file system access, and device driver management. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the user-level software.
On the other hand, the broader term "Linux" encompasses not just the kernel but also a wide range of software utilities, libraries, tools, and applications that together make up a complete operating system. This includes things like the GNU utilities (commonly referred to as GNU core utilities), system libraries, graphical user interfaces (like GNOME or KDE), command-line utilities, system administration tools, and more. These components, when combined with the Linux kernel, create a functional and usable operating system environment.
So, in summary:
Linux Kernel: The core component of the operating system responsible for managing hardware and providing essential services.
Linux (Operating System): The complete package that includes the Linux kernel and a variety of software components to create a functional operating system environment.
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When we say a system is a multiprogramming system?
Multiprogramming is collecting several jobs in a job pool and the OS selects the job from the pool so that the CPU has one job to execute , in case of any IO request for the job in execution the CPU switches to another job here switching is less compared to multitasking.So a computer system which allows such type of switching in between jobs is called a multiprogramming system.
Please make note that multitasking is done by user but multiprogramming is done by operating system only.
True or False - An operating system is a special type of hardware?
False, the OS is software, it is not a physical part of the computer
What is floating point in computing?
Decimal Cases * * * () * () In programming, a floating point number is expressed as . In general, a floating-point number can be written as
where * M is the fraction mantissa or significand. * E is the exponent. * B is the base, in decimal case . Binary Cases As an example, a 32-bit word is used in MIPS computer to represent a floating-point number: 1 bit ..... 8 bits .............. 23 bits representing: * The implied base is 2 (not explicitly shown in the representation). * The exponent can be represented in signed 2's complement (but also see biased notation later). * The implied decimal point is between the exponent field E and the significand field M. * More bits in field E mean larger range of values representable. * More bits in field M mean higher precision. * Zero is represented by all bits equal to 0: Normalization To efficiently use the bits available for the significand, it is shifted to the left until all leading 0's disappear (as they make no contribution to the precision). The value can be kept unchanged by adjusting the exponent accordingly. Moreover, as the MSB of the significand is always 1, it does not need to be shown explicitly. The significand could be further shifted to the left by 1 bit to gain one more bit for precision. The first bit 1 before the decimal point is implicit. The actual value represented is
However, to avoid possible confusion, in the following the default normalization does not assume this implicit 1 unless otherwise specified. Zero is represented by all 0's and is not (and cannot be) normalized. Example: A binary number can be represented in 14-bit floating-point form in the following ways (1 sign bit, a 4-bit exponent field and a 9-bit significand field): * * * * * with an implied 1.0: By normalization, highest precision can be achieved. The bias depends on number of bits in the exponent field. If there are e bits in this field, the bias is , which lifts the representation (not the actual exponent) by half of the range to get rid of the negative parts represented by 2's complement. The range of actual exponents represented is still the same. With the biased exponent, the value represented by the notation is:
Note: * Zero exponent is represented by , the bias of the notation; * The range of exponents representable is from -126 to 127; * The exponent (with all zero significand) is reserved to represent infinities or not-a-number (NaN) which may occur when, e.g., a number is divided by zero; * The smallest exponent is reserved to represent denormalized numbers (smaller than which cannot be normalized) and zero, e.g., is represented by: Normalization: If the implied base is , the significand must be shifted multiple of q bits at a time so that the exponent can be correspondingly adjusted to keep the value unchanged. If at least one of the first q bits of the significand is 1, the representation is normalized. Obviously, the implied 1 can no longer be used. Examples: * Normalize . Note that the base is 4 (instead of 2)
Note that the significand has to be shifted to the left twobits at a time during normalization, because the smallest reduction of the exponent necessary to keep the value represented unchanged is 1, corresponding to dividing the value by 4. Similarly, if the implied base is , the significand has to be shifted 3 bits at a time. In general, if , normalization means to left shift the significand q bits at a time until there is at least one 1 in the highest q bits of the significand. Obviously the implied 1 can not be used. * Represent in biased notation with bits for exponent field. The bias is and implied base is 2.
The biased exponent is , and the notation is (without implied 1): or (with implied 1): * Find the value represented in this biased notation: The biased exponent is 17, the actual exponent is , the value is (without implied 1):
or (with implied 1):
Examples of IEEE 754: * -0.3125
The biased exponent is , * 1.0
The biased exponent is , * 37.5
The based exponent: , . * -78.25
The biased exponent: , * As the most negative exponent representable is -126, this value is a denorm which cannot be normalized: by GAURAV PANDEY & VIJAY MAHARA..........
AMRAPALI INSTITUTE...................
What are the charactristic of embedded system?
An embedded system has historically been defined as a single function product where the intelligence is embedded in the system. It could be anything from a dishwasher to a hearing aid, if that product includes a microprocessor and software. Many of today's embedded systems are looking more like PCs with user interfaces, touchscreens, displays, keypads and more. Still, these are not general function systems but are designed to perform very specific functions.
Why are operating systems written in the C language?
Speed, power, efficiency, well supported libraries, generally. Almost everything (But not absolutely everything.) has at least C bindings one can use.
Not to mention you're guaranteed to have the standard C library to handle a great deal of the core functionality of the program.
Examples of embedded system development?
embedded system is an electronic device which is made for an specific task.when we are taking about the embedded system development.it include the embedded life cycle,in which we have to specify the product ect,up to maintanence
What is difference between uni-programming and multiprogramming?
multiprogramming or multitasking means more than one program can execute at the same time. It is the allocation of a computer system and its resources to more than one application at the same time. However in uni-programming you can have only one program running at any point in time.
What are the necessity of embedded systems?
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions,[1] often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP4 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single micro controller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems - such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them - but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.
What is the difference between Real time system and Multiprogrammed system?
A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded
What is round-robin scheduling?
The term round-robin often refers to something being done to many elements belonging to a group, one element at a time. It is the idea of the task being carried out "one element at a time" that is central here.
There are some difficulties that a programmer must overcome in writing an operating system . Following are the difficulties
- There must be a prioritization i.e there must be time critical and priority wise list, because some process are more critical than other.
- There must be a mechanism in place for multitasking, meaning that the computer must be able to switch between multiple active processes.
- There must be interrupt handling scheme, so it can handle the interrupts while executing some process.
- It must maintain the time constrains, i.e scheduling schemes don't allow response time to exceed the time constraint.
- It must be platform independent, means it would work on any hardware.
- It must be secure and user friendly.
- It must be flexible.
- It must be efficient for doing process and utilize all recources.
What company developed the transistor?
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, 1925.
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, 1947, AT&T
In early computing days, computers were expensive, and so to absorb the cost, a big computer would be shared across many people who would pay for time-sharing (such as one hour units). The limiting factor, money, would be the only reason why someone might use a time-sharing system. For that individual, their use of a computer is so infrequent that they cannot justify purchasing an actual computer, or their current hardware is inadequate for their needs, so they lease time on a more powerful system to play games, process data, etc.
Time sharing is most frequently found today in terms of "virtual machines", such as virtual servers or virtual desktops that are accessed remotely through a less powerful system or even a thin client (a keyboard, mouse, and monitor connected to a very small computer with only enough RAM and CPU power to access the remote desktop). It is projected that as computer networking and virtualization becomes more powerful, time-sharing will soon replace or heavily supplement PCs and single-user workstations.
