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Operating Systems
Operating systems, both proprietary and open-source, include those produced by Microsoft, Linux, and Apple Mac
4,423 Questions
Who provides the basic link between hardware and operating system?
Computers are comprised with layers of abstraction. At the very lowest level is voltages, circuits, transistors, and silicon. The next layer above hardware is the operating system. Rather than re-writing code for every type of hardware access over and over again, the OS manages the hardware and provides "hooks" to use it. These hooks, or "interfaces" allow your code to have a common method to access disparate hardware. So using the interfaces provided by the OS, you can write your Application. In each of these layers, there are sub layers, for example, hardware might have firmware--a sort of low-level instruction set that dictates how the hardware should run, stored in EEPROM, and loaded when the drive is powered up. Another sublayer is how a higher level language like python provides a libraries to write network software without having to program directly to the raw socket api provided by the OS. The OS handles most hardware/software interaction. Hardware vendors write "plugins/modules/drivers" which allows the OS to control their specific hardware. So you would write a software Application that takes advantage of these OS provided interfaces to hardware. For example if you wanted to power down the computer, windows provides an interface to shutdown the computer. Your software would call this interface, and upon compilation/interpretation, turned into code that will call an interface for the OS. This interface, in turn will execute a well-known set of instructions to instruct the computer to shut down. These instructions are 0's and 1's, low and high volts, which access a specific part of the computer that is designed to handle powerup/shutdown/standby, and given the right signal, will do just that
What is a description of kernel fleck in demonata?
About 16 years old in Demon Apocalypse. Dark brown skin (his mother is white and his father is black). Sharp blue eyes, something uncommon for someone with his complection. Bald head since birth (may suffer a disease). Scars around his eye sockets from having his eyes ripped out repeatedly. Thin and decently muscular. Usually sports a sour expression on his face due to his depression.
What are the multiprocessor thread scheduling strategies?
Load Sharing: Processes are not assigned to a particular processor. A global queue of threads is maintained. Each processor, when idle, selects a thread from this queue.
Gang Scheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same time, on a 1-to-1 basis. Closely related threads / processes may be scheduled this way to reduce synchronization blocking, and minimize process switching. Group scheduling predated this strategy.
Dedicated processor assignment: Provides implicit scheduling defined by assignment of threads to processors. For the duration of program execution, each program is allocated a set of processors equal in number to the number of threads in the program. Processors are chosen from the available pool.
Dynamic scheduling: The number of thread in a program can be altered during the course of execution.
Relation between guest and host operating system?
A guest operating system is considered a third party application. This is when users are allowed to work within an operating system that is shared on a public or private platform. A host operating system is one that a primary user owns or runs. He or she can also turn their operating system into a shared application if desired.
What command can be used to start a program with a lower scheduling priority?
Use the nice command.
For some reason i do not know, "niceness" is measured backwards from -20 (very high), to 19 (very low).
To use it just do:
/bin/nice -n
This is for LINUX systems only, I think. I am not responsible for what it might or might not do on Windows, Mac OS X or anything else!
What are the three differences of an operating system from an ordinary user program?
The operating system (or OS) is the software that make the computer work. There are several different OS's out there. These include Windows, the Mac OS, and the various forms of Unix among others. The type of computer you have will largely determine the type of OS that you can install on it. Most Intel/AMD based PC's come with Windows installed. Macintoshes come with the Mac OS. Various forms of Unix have been written to run on both platforms and the most recent Macs (the Intel based ones) can also run Windows though you have to provide and install your own copy of it if you want to do this.
The application software consists of the programs that actually let you do things with your computer. These applications are written to run under the various operating systems. These include things like your word processing programs, spread sheets, email clients, web browser, games, etc. A program that is written to run under Mac OS won't run under Windows and a program that is written for Windows won't run under Mac OS. However, many programs, such as most of the Microsoft Office suite of programs, are written in both Mac and Windows versions, but you still have to have the right version for your OS.
So, the operating system of a computer is the software that allows the computer work. It provides the framework under which the applications run. The applications are the software that actually allows the user to do something with the computer. Without the applications, all you can do is change settings and navigate among the folders
Difference between multiprogramming and microprocessing system?
the main difference b/w multiprogramming and multiprocessing O.S. is that the previous one is non-interactive O.S. and the later is interactive O.S. By-Satyam Maheshwari
Finite and infinite loading operation management?
Differences between planning and scheduling, finite and infinite
Finite Scheduling
Scheduling type within capacity planning that takes account of the capacity loads which already exist. Finite scheduling calculates the start and finish dates for operations in the order. It is a detailed scheduling strategy with which you schedule orders and operations, taking into account the existing resource load. A resource overload cannot occur.
Infinite Scheduling
A detailed scheduling strategy with which you schedule orders and operations, without taking into account the existing resource load. It is therefore possible for resource overloads to occur.
R/3 does planning without consideration for capacity situations. So if MRP says you need 500 parts on 3/1/04, it schedules them all to be built at the same time, even though you can only do 100 at a time. Assume you have a fixed lot size of 100, you'll get 5 planned orders for 100 to start on the same day. This is "Infinite Planning". APO would recognize that constraint, and instead schedule out the 5 orders over time. The important part of that is that it also will schedule out the deliveries of the components for 5 different days. This is "Finite Planning".
Now, assume old fashion MRP. It schedules all 5 orders for the same day, and the buyers go out an get all of the components for the same day. Then the planner realizes he can't do all 5, and manually changes the schedule, and manually spreads out the 5 orders. The buyers will receive rescheduling notifications, but not until the scheduler does the manual rescheduling.
You could call this "Infinite Scheduling", but that only means the same thing as Infinite Planning.
But, SAP has "Capacity Leveling". What that means is you run another program after MRP (CM27 and CM28), which can be run in batch mode overnight. (There is a ton of configuration and thinking that will be required to do this!). The capacity leveling program will recognize the constrant at the work center level, and fill up the first day, then re-schedule the next
order to the next available capacity, then the next order searches for available capacity, and so on. This is called "Finite Scheduling". The problem with this is the opposite of Infinite Planning, which is it doesn't take Material availablity into consideration! The system will re-schedule a production order without thinking about whether the materials will be available
or not.
Finite Planning does Finite Scheduling at the same time. If there is no capacity available on the desired date, the system looks for when capacity IS available. Then it stops to see if Materials will also be available (usually based on the lead-time for those components). If there is a material problem, then the system figures out when the materials WILL be available, and then
checks to see if capacity is available on THAT day, and if so, it blocks off capacity, and allocates the materials for that day.
Yes you can format a single partition. It is totally safe too and won't affect other partitions. You have to select the particular partition and click the Format button. It requires mostly 4-5 clicks in most computers.
Unlike the host's DFS or ADFS filing Systems, DOS does not require that each file occupies a contiguous area of disc. This gives major advantages in convenience, since it provides a self-maintaining system which never requires such operations as compacting, rendering errors like can't extend impossible. The only error in this category which is never seen in DOS is Disc full. A subsequent DIR will show that either this is literally true, or that the file to be written to the disc will not fit into the remaining unallocated spaces
The converse of this convenience is that, over time, as files are extended or contracted and new files are added or old ones deleted, individual files become very fragmented. This has two possible implications for the user.
The first, which is unavoidable, is that pieces of file may become literally scattered around the disc at virtually random locations. This eventually can make itself felt when file access times become extended. It is of little consequence for small files, but can have a very noticeable performance implication for regularly used large files.
The solution is to format a new disc and copy the data to it file by file. The copying must be carried out at the file level because copying the whole disc track by track, (i.e. using the DISK program) will also take the existing fragmented structure with it, defeating the objective.
Copying the files individually reorganises them, by joining the fragments together on the new disc. The result is that the newly copied files are again stored in contiguous areas and disc performance is restored. Assuming two floppy drives this can be simply achieved by the command. copy A*.*.* B:
Using this technique will require that copying is carried out on a directory by directory basis, and that the appropriate directories have already been created on the target drive. Although the effects of file fragmenting may be less noticeable for longer periods with a hard disc, this problem and its solution (unfortunately very much more tedious in this case) apply equally.
The second implication of fragmented files is that, in the event of a physical disc failure or the accidental deletion of a file, retrieving and assembling the fragments of a file in the correct order by recovering hardware sectors from disc can be an extremely lengthy and laborious process.
As usual, but even more especially important for DOS disc formats than for BBC native mode discs, the very best advice is to attempt to totally avoid this possibility by ensuring adequate backups are taken on a separate disc at frequent intervals during lengthy file updating sessions.
By: Rajnish Gupta(Moradabad)
The primary advantage of using a boot CD is that the tools on the CD can check files that would otherwise be memory-resident if you were booting from Windows.
Also, many boot CDs are Linux based, and the tools available on them may have more diagnostic functionality than the standard Windows based ones.
What are Threads in Computing?
Easiest way to understand threads is they are lanes on a highway. where data ques up,
How do you insert backgrounds in stykz?
If you're talking about bitmap backgrounds, no, you can't do that. But you can import .stk backgrounds from droidz or .styk backgrounds for stykz. STK: Go to Droidz.org, then click on "STKs" and click on "Backgrounds". There are a bunch of high quality backgrounds here. You can only use pivot 2.2.5 ones, though.
Styk: Go to stykz forums, and look for "Show off your stuff". Then click on "Styk files", and you can find styk figures that people have made. Not many people have made backgrounds there yet, so be patient.
Styk Alternative: Go to zeroatoms.com and click on "Stickfigures". People will make backgrounds to submit to there, too.
Zeroatoms and stykz forums are still growing, so for now, go to droidz for your backgrounds.
A virus is a file that was programmed to harm your computer. It may be transferred to your Operating System (the environment which runs your computer) and can be hidden within program files, system files, or your account files. Viruses can severely damage your computer, so purchase a good antivirus program, such as Norton Internet Security 2011 (for windows). If you run Macintosh, you already have virus protection.
Answer:
a. page = 1; offset = 327
b. page = 18; offset = 934
c. page = 29; offset = 304
d. page = 0; offset = 256
e. page = 16; offset = 1
This is dependent on your OS. Windows: 'C:\, C:\system' *nix:; /, /bin, /root, or /boot Mac: ?dont know? Usually this will be in the first physical partition(boot partition).
Devices that record precise results require a real-time operating system. This is the same kind of operating system needed for a device hat performs regimented tasks.
