Optics

Circularly polarized light can be obtained from linearly polarized light by passing it through a quarter-wave plate. This plate delays one of the orthogonal components of the linearly polarized light by a quarter of a wavelength, leading to a phase shift that results in circular polarization.

The emergent ray is the ray of light which passes through a denser medium(glass) to a rarer medium(air).

Because humans have poor night vision.

It is only possible if light enters another medium with an angle other then 90.

WHen it does so then some part of light enters the medium first and it slows down first while the other part enter after a while and slows down later. This time gap .For much better understanding see... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyzci1qTVL8

Simply use the formula E = h * frequency

h - Planck's constant and its value is 6.626 x 10-34 J s

As we plug 6 x 1012 Hz for frequency we get E in joule

So E = 3.9756 x 10-21 J

total internal reflection is used in fibre optic cables as it allows for light signals to be sent across literally as long as you want. the light is never lost and can pass through stations in which the light strikes certain triggers which will produce a message allowing for the fast delivery of messages across long distances.

Hope this was helpful

Refraction comes into play only when the light travels from one medium into another medium. The speed of light is different in different media, so the wavelength changes due to refraction. The formula for wavelength is the ratio of the speed of light to its frequency. The most important point is that the frequency character of light remains constant eventhough it travels in different media. Hence the wavelength is directly proportional to the speed of light. So as speed changes, the wavelength also changes accordingly.

photon consisted of rainbow color with different energy level. example : sun shine

Attenuation in fiber means 'loss of optical power' suffered by the optical signal in fiber itself.

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"Optical" means related to light, often to visible light. So, a system that works with light.

The SuperStar has the most destructive weapon ever built. Its second most powerful is its laser. The Tentloss DXR-6 Distruptor Laser v.102b (many many upgrades from its original model), powerful enough to blow up a galaxy by firring at its centre.

White light is made up of different colors. When white light enters water (like moisture in the air) it is bent (refracted). However the different colors are bent (refracted) by different amounts. So this different amount of bending has the effect of separating the white light into its colors and we see this as a rainbow.lalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalawwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww

1.Light pulses spread out in length as they propagate(chromatic dispersion).

2.Cannot carry electrical power to operate end devices.

3.High optical power can destroy the cable,known as fiber fuse.

4.Optical transmitters and receivers are too expensive.

depends on the purpose of the device

I work in optics and I am currently studying this very thing, light when it enters a medium is based on index, the index of water for example is 1.33333333, spectacle lenses start at 1.498, as it enters it splits into its different colours, what we see is white light, once it hits a medium it splits like a rainbow, as each colour travels at a different speed and thus, bends differently, the red light falls before the green etc, the math of what your asking is fairly intensive, but basically it'd regarding the mass of the object, to trace white light we use "n sin I = n' sin i'" n being the index or mass of that material, I is the angle of incidence, but in blunt form it refracts when the light is split due to the mass of the object, I'd explain further but it involves working out indices, then tracing and working out how much the light splits (chromatic abberations ) and where each colour lands after

Mirage

The atmosphere is a chaotic mixture of gases and vapours. The turbulences in the atmosphere distort the paths of light-rays falling on the Earth from distant celestial objects, thereby distorting the images they form in telescopes.

To compensate, the more advanced modern telescopes use lasers to measure the current distortion in the atmosphere directly in the path of the telescope, and use those measurements to change the shape of the mirror in the telescope from millisecond to millisecond, thereby cancelling much of those distortions.

Those could be useful if you're designing a fortress.

Bar optics, also known as a liquor dispenser or optics, were invented by François Thurel in the 1930s. Thurel patented the design of the optic that dispenses a specific measure of alcohol with each pour, allowing for more accurate drink measurements in bars and restaurants.

Converging light.

Neither, it depends on what you are trying to accomplish.