Particle Physics

Electrons would be attracted to a proton due to their opposite charges. The positive charge of the proton exerts an attractive force on the negatively charged electron, causing them to be attracted to each other.

There is technically no such thing as positron decay. It's a misnomer. The nuclear decay process wherein a positron is emitted from a decaying nucleus is called positron emission or beta plus decay. A link is provided below that question and its answer.

Subatomic particles are smaller than atoms. Subatomic particles are found inside the nucleus of an atom and include protons, neutrons, quarks, and gluons. Protons carry a positive electrical charge while neutrons carry a neutral charge. Inside these protons and neutrons are quarks which are held together by gluons. (1 atom = 0.000000001 meters while 1 quark = 0.000000000000000001 meters) The smallest known particle, however, that has mass is the neutrino.

a pair of shared electons means that two atoms are covalently bonded together and share electons to fulfill their outer shell. for example, Cl2 consist of two Cl atoms bonded together. If you look on the periodic table you will see Cl is one column away from being a noble gas and having a full outer shell. this means that in Cl's outer shell there are 7 electrons. all atoms want 8 electrons. thus two Cl atoms will bond together and share there lone electon in order to both have an octet ( 8 electons in outer shell and become neutral and stable. electons always come in pairs if there is an odd number of valence electrons (7 in Cl and others in the same column)) this means the atom has one electorn by itself and will bond with another atom in the same situation to share and fill outer shell.

This atom become a cation with a +2 electrical charge. All atoms have are neutral because the numbers of protons and electrons are equal. When you subtract any number n of electrons, the new charge is +n, just as a general rule.

Hafnium has 72 electrons and protons; the number of neutrons is different for each isotope and depend on atomic mass of the isotope.

The electron dot structure for Cl (chlorine) consists of the chemical symbol Cl surrounded by 7 dots representing the 7 valence electrons of a chlorine atom. These dots are placed around the symbol to show the distribution of electrons in the outer energy level.

A nitrogen ion -3 has 7 protons and 10 electrons. This is because nitrogen normally has 7 protons and 7 electrons, but the -3 charge indicates that it has gained 3 electrons to become negatively charged.

There are many subatomic particles with no electric charge. An atom is comprised of three main subatomic particles. They are the proton, neutron, and the electron. While the proton carries a positive charge and the electron carries a negative charge, the neutron carries zero electrical charge, and is described as being electrically neutral, hence the term "neutron." There are also other subatomic particles that are electrically neutral. The most obvious would be the antineutron, which is simply the antimatter version of the neutron. But since both of these particles are electrically neutral, they can survive in matter or anitmatter and even transverse both without anihilating. And then there are some particles you may not have heard of. They are the byproducts of fusion and fission reactions, as well as of emissions from radioactive decay in unstable atoms. These particles are known as neutrinos, and there are three types: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos. Each type of neutrino is also matched by its antimatter counterpart, and are consequently known as antineutrinos. And still there are more particles that are electrically neutral. To reiterate, a particle that is also its own antiparticle will always be electrically neutral. More examples include the photon, gluon, and Z-boson, as well as their antimatter twins, the antiphoton, antigluon, and anti-Z-boson.

The number of protons in the atomic nucleus determines the properties of an element. Every element has its own unique number of protons, called its atomic number, which is displayed on the periodic table. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number on the periodic table.

Because this is an element and not an isotope, to find the number of neutrons, take the atomic mass and subtract the atomic number. Osmium has a mass of 190 and a number of 76. This equals 114.

This partice is called atomic nucleus.

The electron configuration for the aluminum ion is identical to that of neon:

1s22s22p6

include the halogens

are nonmetals

As the force need to pump hydrogen ions by active transport through the electron transport systems into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria where they, the H +, can fall back down their concentration gradient through the ATP synthase and synthesize ATP from ADP.

One reason for using a neutron as a nuclear bullet is that it isn't deflected by magnetic or electrostatic fields like a proton or other ion would be. About the only thing that will slow down or deflect (scatter), or stop (absorb) a neutron is an atomic nucleus. Neutrons have many times more penetrating power than protons.

Protons - positively charged

Electrons - negatively charged

Neutrons - No charge

Whatever power source is driving them. If a battery, then chemical energy from the battery chemicals. If a hydroelectric turbine, then potential energy from the waterfall.

Gamma rays can be blocked by a thick amount of lead.

Alpha -> goes through thin mica -> then stops at skin or paper.

Beta -> Goes through thin mica - then goes through skin or paper -> gets stopped at lead.

Gamma -> Goes through thin mica -> goes through skin or paper -> then can be slowed down by lead or can be stopped completely by a thick amount of lead.

I may have Beta and alpha mixed up but please excuse me as im writing this out of my book (:

Rare isotopes of Iron (57Fe) and Nickel (59Ni) have 31 neutrons. No other naturally-occurring elements have 31 neutrons.

The intermediate element, 58Co (cobalt) has also been synthesized.

An atom cannot emit a proton. Protons are found within the nucleus of an atom and do not naturally emit from an atom. The process where protons are emitted from a nucleus is called proton emission and typically occurs in nuclear reactions or decays in radioactive isotopes.

Neutrons have the same mass as a proton but lack an electrical charge. The number of neutrons can be found by subtracting the atomic number, or number of protons in the atom, from the atomic weight. This is calculated this way because the atomic weight represents both the number of protons and neutrons. Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic weight is 18.998, so 18.998-9= 9.998. Consequently, 9.998 is fluorine's number of neutrons.

An atom's atomic number gives its number of protons in its nucleus. Checking the periodic table, we see that gold's atomic number is 79. Thus, gold is the element with 79 protons.

Sn (tin) has 50 electrons 50 protons and 69 nuetrons

Long-hand version: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6 5s^2 4d^10 5p^6 6s^1 Short-hand version: [Xe] 6s^1 Note: The "^" symbol means the the following number is in the form of a superscript.