Particle Physics

I am only answering this question because the concept is absurd and therefore amusing. You are referring to the idea presented (purely in jest, I think) that the LHC succeeds in creating a particle (the so-called "God particle") so abhorrent that a causal path from the future is created to prevent the LHC from doing this. A couple of problems here: If the LHC creates the particle, then it wasn't prevented from doing so. If it does not, then it does not, and no one need resort to time-travelling in order to explain it. Look, the LHC has had malfunctions created entirely by design flaws (Remember those? They're man-made, just like the LHC itself.) It's important to remember that people build things, and if they're as complicated as the LHC is, there is no need for nature to send back "screw-it up" particles from the future. We are perfectly capable of screwing stuff up ourselves. As evidence, I offer the fact that they recently found a piece of a baguette in an LHC magnet. Particle from the future or someone on their lunch break?

An atom consists of a nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus in energy levels or shells. The number of protons determines the element, while the number of electrons and neutrons can vary, affecting the atom's charge and stability.

The electron is most responsible for the size of an atom because it occupies the space around the nucleus in electron clouds. The number of electrons and their energy levels determine the size of an atom.

Number of protons is always equal to the atomic number of an element. Example-at.no. Of hydrogen is one so it has one proton

All of the representative elements (s and p block) have predictable electron configurations. However, many of the transition elements have electron configurations that are not predicted by the rules for determining electron configuration.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use radioactive substances that emit positrons to detect metabolic activity in the body. These substances are injected into the body and, as they decay, they emit positrons that interact with electrons to produce gamma rays. The gamma rays are then detected by a PET scanner to create detailed images of the body's functions.

The Top, Charm, and Up quarks have +2/3 of an 'elementary' charge.

The Bottom, Strange, and Down quarks have -1/3 of an 'elementary' charge.

Atoms are made up of Protons and neutrons and electrons. Quarks make up Protons and Neutrons. Protons are made up of 2 up quarks and one down quark. Neutrons are made up of 2 down quarks and 1 up quark. A down quark has a charge of -1/3. An up quark has a charge of +2/3.

A simple approach can be used to estimate this mass using basic thermodynamics and the ideal gas laws.

1 mole of H2 has a mass very close to 2 grams. H (atomic rather than molecular hydrogen) is made of one proton and one electron, the mass of the electron is negligible when compared to the mass of the proton. 1 mole of H2 contains N H2 molecules where N is the Avogadro constant N = 6.022E23 g per mole: that is 1 mole of H2 has a mass of 2 g. Each H2 molecule has two protons, so we can put

Proton Mass = 1g / 6.022E23 = 1.672 621777(74).10-27 kg.

we divide by 1000 to get the answer in kg,

Proton Mass=1.672 621777(74)×E-27 kg.

In this notation E-1 means 0.1, E-2 means 0.01, E-3 means 0.001, and so on.

The reason it was stated that the mass was very close to two grams comes from the fact that 12 g of C12 has N protons and neutrons which are bound into the carbon nuclei. There is a slight difference between the mass of a proton and a neutron, and there is also the mass deficit from the nuclear binding energy. This makes the above calculation an approximate one.

There are many ways of determining the proton mass experimentally. In recent years computing the proton mass from Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) which deals with the interactions of quarks and gluons has been a theoretical goal. Any discrepancy between the observed mass and the calculated mass would mean that QCD would have to be re-examined.

Calculating the mass of a proton from scratch requires intensive calculation and super computers. the calculation methods involved in QCD require the usage of theoretical lattice quantum chromodynamics theory which in turn requires some heavy computational processing. A proton is made of 3 quarks (2 up quarks and 1 down quark) and "virtual" gluons zipping between them causing strong forces that holds quarks together to form the proton. Nonsense, I know, but I need to put in a link to particle physics and QCD.

In 2008, the proton mass calculation was completed, and the calculated mass was within the experimetal range of the very latest experimental techniques. So it seems QCD has passed this test.

That depends on what isotope you mean. Look up the details for the specific isotope you are interested in. Add neutrons plus protons, then multiply the result by 3: every neutron, and every proton, is made up of 3 quarks.

That depends on what isotope you mean. Look up the details for the specific isotope you are interested in. Add neutrons plus protons, then multiply the result by 3: every neutron, and every proton, is made up of 3 quarks.

That depends on what isotope you mean. Look up the details for the specific isotope you are interested in. Add neutrons plus protons, then multiply the result by 3: every neutron, and every proton, is made up of 3 quarks.

That depends on what isotope you mean. Look up the details for the specific isotope you are interested in. Add neutrons plus protons, then multiply the result by 3: every neutron, and every proton, is made up of 3 quarks.

Kr is krypton, and it has 36 protons, 36 electrons

The number of Neutrons varies depending on the isotope, but it has 48 neutrons in its most common (56.99%) stable isotope.

Other less prevalent but stable isotopes have 42 (0.36%), 44 (2.29%), 46 (11.59%), 47 (11.50%), and 50 (17.28%) neutrons.

Other known unstable, i.e. radioactive isotopes, have 43, 45, and 49 neutrons. Since these are all radioactive they typically are only present in minute amounts and their concentration is highly variable.

When a particle and an antiparticle come in contact with each other, they annihilate each other and their mass is converted into energy, typically in the form of photons (light). This process is governed by the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum.

Lithium has 3 protons and typically 4 neutrons in its nucleus.

The proton an neutron both have a mass of about 1 amu.

(Both have a mass just slightly above 1 amu, and the neutron's mass is slightly larger than that of a proton.)

Currently, it can't. May be it could be in future.

The electron configuration for lead (Pb) is [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2, where [Xe] represents the electron configuration of xenon with a filled 5s and 5p orbitals. Lead has 82 electrons, and this configuration shows how these electrons are distributed among the energy levels and orbitals in the atom.

P=UUD (two up, one down)

N=DDU (two down, one up)

Down quarks are charge -1/3 relative to a proton and up quarks are charge +2/3 relative to a proton.

The ground-state electron configuration for beryllium is 1s2 2s2. Beryllium has 4 electrons, with two in the 1s orbital and two in the 2s orbital.

Aluminum has 13 electrons. To achieve a noble gas electron configuration like neon, aluminum needs to lose 3 electrons to have the same electron configuration as neon (10 electrons). This results in the formation of the Al3+ ion.

The element transforms itself into another element because each element have a specific number of protons. If the number of protons changes, the element changes as well. The number of protons in an atom defines it elemental identity, so if the number of protons in an element increases by one it becomes another element. Although this reference doesn't really provide a direct answer, it does provide additional information that might be of interest: http://www.answers.com/topic/proton

A stable magnesium atom has 12, 13 or 14 neutrons. The atom with 12 neutrons is the most common one.

The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom show only four dots because the dots represent only the valence electrons (the ones placed in the outermost shell). The carbon atom has four electrons in it's outermost shell. !

A calcium ion has 20 protons, the same as its atomic number. The number of electrons depends on the charge on the ion. For the most common calcium ion with a charge of +2, the number of electrons is 18; 20 - 18 = +2. The number of neutrons depends on the isotope that is ionized and is equal to the mass number of the isotope minus the atomic number of 20.

Gluons are elementary particles and are considered one of the smallest particles in the standard model of particle physics. There is currently no evidence to suggest the existence of anything smaller than a gluon within our current understanding of physics.

Valency electrons are free electrons that are not attracted to other atoms. Valency electrons most often occur in a vacuum where they are not attracted to atoms (the reason thermionic devices are vacuumed) so yes, electron clouds can occur, very rarely in our atmosphere in the form of corona discharge from high voltage devices and more commonly in the vacuum of space as a glob of ionic turbulence