Particle Physics

Protons cross the inner mitochondrial membrane during ATP synthesis in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. This movement of protons creates a gradient that is used to drive the production of ATP by ATP synthase.

Electrons have negligible mass and travel around the outside of the nucleus in orbits or energy levels.

The element Sg (Seaborgium) has an atomic number of 106. Therefore, it has 106 electrons.

There is no simple combined term for both of them, but you can refer to them as the nucleus of the atom.

Particles made of three quarks are called baryons. This includes the proton and neutron but would also include and anti-proton. (A neutron is its own antiparticle)

No; at least, not necessarily. To be positively charged, and object simply needs to contain *more* protons than electrons. Inversely, the same is true of negatively charged objects, which only need to have more electrons than protons.

The electron was the first elementary particle to be discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson. It is a fundamental constituent of matter and carries a negative electric charge.

unlikely, but it would need serious studies humans are unable to reach for hundreds of years, there are quite a few big big steps to that

No, a proton cannot be split in half. Protons are fundamental particles, which means they are not made up of smaller components that can be divided further. Splitting a proton would require a tremendous amount of energy that is currently beyond our technological capabilities.

The magnetic and the electrical forces are still unified and inseparable at the current temperature of the universe as the electromagnetic force. The universe would have to get much colder for them to split.

Theory has been developed showing that at a certain higher temperature (I don't know what) the weak and electromagnetic forces become unified and inseparable as what is called the electroweak force. This theory has been verified in high energy accelerators.

It is believed that the strong and electroweak forces become unified and inseparable at even higher temperature, and that all 4 forces unify into one at the temperature right after the big bang began.

Electric charge is a property that causes subatomic particles such as protons and electrons to attract or repel each other. Particles with opposite charges (e.g. positive and negative) attract each other, while particles with the same charge (e.g. positive and positive) repel each other.

A covalent bond is one in which the electron is (more or less) equally shared between atoms. An Ionic bond is where one atom has a greater attraction for the electron than the other. Ionic bonds are formed between those elements that are at opposite end of the periodic table: the further away from each other the two elements are the more ionic will be their bond, the closer together the more covalent will be their bond. The most covalent bonds are between atoms of the same element O2 Cl2 N2 ..... The most Ionic of bond are between the alkali metals (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) and the Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At). Of these Ionic character is also affected by the top and bottom extremes of the table so the most ionic bond possible would be FrF, although Francium is extremely extremely rare so the most ionic compound known is Cesium Fluoride.

Tungsten, also called wolfram, has 2 valence electrons. Many would say 6 because tungsten is in group 6, but that is wrong. The heavy elements have confusing shells, and you can't only look at which group it is located in.

Antimatter is found in small amounts inside cosmic rays, and also extremely small amounts are created within stars. However, scientists believe that there could be galaxies made of antimatter, or even entire universes.

Here on earth, we find antimatter being created as a result of a type of radioactive decay called beta plus decay. In that instance, a positron (an anti-electron) is ejected from an atomic nucleus as that nucleus transforms. Additionally, a gamma ray of sufficient energy passing close to an atomic nucleus may produce a positron-electron pair in what is called pair production. Those are the most common encounters we'll have with antimatter. We also see anti-protons being created and injected into accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the LHC, protons and anti-protons are sped up as they circle the ring (in opposite directions) and then set on a collision course.

In order to keep a Wormhole stable you need something called ''Exotic Matter''. Exotic matter is not the same as antimatter. It consists of particles that have negative energy or mass.

Negative energy makes sense in the context of quantum theory, because the energy density of the quantum vacuum is actually positive (instead of zero). A region of "negative" energy density is actually a region with a positive energy density below that of the quantum vacuum. It is possible to create such regions using photons trapped between parallel plates (the Casimir effect). It is also possible to create such a region using particles of a so-called scalar field, such as the Higgs boson being searched for with the Large Hadron Collider.

I got this from a recent book on wormhole physics (The Physics of Stargates -- Parallel Universes, Time Travel, and the Enigma of Wormhole Physics, by Enrico Rodrigo, 2010)

Both those atoms are Magnesium but the second one is Magnesium25 not Magnesium 24 (standard Magnesium). Both have 12 protons and 12 electrons. Their charges are the same and their weights are the same.

Hey! The excepted banacular is gay. Don't call them atoms that's just mean.

Neutrinos are not harmful to Earth or its inhabitants. They interact extremely weakly with matter and pass through our planet as well as us without causing any harm. Millions of neutrinos pass through us every second without us even noticing.

The abbreviation for an electron is "e-".

Protons and neutrons are approximately the same size, with a diameter of about 1 femtometer (10^-15 meters). Electrons are much smaller, with a radius of about 0.00000000000002 femtometers, making them almost negligible in size compared to protons and neutrons.

A neutron is the subatomic particle that is not present in the atom. An atom consists of protons, which have a positive charge, electrons, which have a negative charge, and neutrons, which have no charge.

atoms in stable compounds almost always have a noble gas electron configuration or when representative metals and nonmetals react, thay transferelectrons in such a way that both th cation and the anion have noble gas electron configuration.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was built underground to provide shielding from cosmic rays and other background radiation that could interfere with its sensitive experiments. Placing it underground also helps to enhance the stability of the particle beams circulating in the collider's tunnels.

Cobalt 60 is one of the most dangerously radioactive. 5 minutes of exposure to 1 gram could kill a person within a month. The elements with the shortest half lives are man made and therefore constantly changing. We are presently up to element No:118. All these transuranic elements are unstable

Hydrogen and helium follow the duet rule, which means they strive to have a full valence shell with two electrons. Hydrogen can achieve this by gaining one electron, while helium already has a full valence shell with two electrons.