Particle Physics

A cation is a positively charged ion, meaning it has lost electrons. In the case of a 1+ charge on a carbon cation, it would have 5 electrons (neutral Carbon has 6 electrons).

group 1...is 1 valence.

group 2...is 2 valence.

The three particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. the masses of protons and neutrons both approximately 1 amu (Atomic Mass Unit). The mass of an electron is, in most applications, negligible, but is about 1/1836 amu.

The neutron was the second subatomic particle to be discovered, following the electron. It was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 during experiments involving the bombardment of beryllium with alpha particles. The discovery of the neutron was crucial in our understanding of atomic structure and the development of nuclear physics.

The Bohr model of the atom states that electrons are located in specific orbits around the nucleus. In this model, each orbit has a fixed energy level, and electrons can only occupy these specific orbits.

Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The amount of neutrons is exactly the same as the amount of protons.

GeV (giga-electron-volt) is simply a unit of energy, often used for subatomic particles. Because in the subatomic world the mass-energy equivalence is much more obvious than in the large-scale world, it is often also used as a unit of mass. MeV/c2 or GeV/c2 is technically more correct, but the c2 factor is often implied, i.e., omitted.

The element with 8 fewer protons than calcium is magnesium. Calcium has 20 protons, while magnesium has 12 protons.

No, protons are typically not transferred during atomic and molecular collisions. Instead, electrons are commonly exchanged between atoms or molecules during collisions, leading to chemical reactions or the formation of new compounds.

The term "quark" comes from the book "Finnegans Wake" by James Joyce. Physicist Murray Gell-Mann chose this whimsical term to name the elementary particles he proposed as building blocks of protons and neutrons.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2

It is FAR easier to change the direction of an asteroid than to blow it up. All that is needed to accomplish the former is to nudge the asteroid a little off its collision course with Earth, and this could be done with some small explosions on the side of that asteroid. Blowing up an asteroid would be a complete waste of energy.

Hi!

There aren't just one kind of chemical reactivity. If you are thinkig about an oxidation, e.g., you must know that just electrons are swapped between the atoms. Other kind of chemical reaction is the phase change of a substance (e.g. water), whose doesn't evolves parcticles swapping, but just energy level's change.

However, you must know that, if protons and neutrons react, they will shot radiation, and in this case it isn't a chemical reaction but a NUCLEAR reaction (that can be nuclear fusion - as the sun - or nuclear fission - as the Hiroshima's bomb).

Finaly, to identify a chemic reaction you must pay atention to this effects:

1. Formation of gas.

2. Change of color.

3. Change of temperature.

4.Formation of a solid that didn't exist in the begining of the reaction.

I hope this text should be helpful.

Bye

The energy of an electron in the second shell of a carbon atom is higher than in the first shell because electrons in shells that are further from the nucleus have higher energy levels. This is due to the increased distance from the positively charged nucleus in the atom, which decreases the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the electron.

The greatest number of valence electrons an atom can have is 8, known as the octet rule. This is because most atoms strive to have a full outer shell of electrons, which usually consists of 8 electrons to achieve stability. However, this rule can vary for elements in higher energy levels.

Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons. They are fundamental building blocks of matter and cannot be visualized directly as they are smaller than subatomic particles like electrons. Quarks are studied indirectly through the particles they form and their interactions within particle accelerators.

The element with 8 protons is oxygen (symbol O). It normally has 8 electrons as well, but in this case it has one extra electron, making it an ion. With 7 neutrons, the ion is known as oxygen-15.

Electrons are the subatomic particles in an atom that interact with photons. When photons interact with electrons, they can be absorbed, emitted, or scattered, leading to various chemical and physical processes in a molecule.

The total charge of 14 electrons is -14 units (each electron carries a charge of -1). The total charge of 6 protons is +6 units (each proton carries a charge of +1). To find the total charge of the system, simply add the charges together: +6 units - 14 units = -8 units.

Electrons are most likely to be found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom. This region represents the three-dimensional space where electrons have the highest probability of being located based on their energy levels.

Because the electric charge depends on the mass times the radius of a particle and whereas the mass of the proton is 1836 heavier than the mass of the electron, the radus of the proton is 1836 times smaller. Thus the product of mass times radius is in both paticles the same and therefore they have the same charge. Boy Boer

The outer electrons involved in bonding are known as valence electrons. These electrons are located in the outermost energy level of an atom and are responsible for forming chemical bonds with other atoms. The number of valence electrons determines the chemical properties of an element.

Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks, which are held together by strong nuclear force. Electrons are elementary particles and do not have smaller constituents.

Oxygen functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It combines with electrons and protons to form water, allowing the transfer of electrons to produce ATP. This process is essential for cellular respiration and generating energy for the cell.

It is possible, but the energry required for each will be different.