Particle Physics

In an atom of Cl, there are 7 valence electrons. If you look at a Chemistry Reference table (2002 edition) pages 8 and 9, (visit the link below), you can see that underneath Cl there are the numbers 2-8-7. The last number is the number of valence electrons. This is found for any element on the Period table.

Oxygen can ionize by losing electrons to form a positively charged ion. This can occur when an oxygen atom gains enough energy to overcome the attraction of its electrons, causing one or more electrons to be ejected from the atom. The resulting oxygen ion will have a positive charge due to the loss of negatively charged electrons.

The nucleus is one the order of one fermion in diameter.

The nearest electron orbital is on the order of more than a thousand fermions from the nucleus.

To me, that pretty far away.

Potassium-40 (K-40) has 19 protons and 21 neutrons.

Fluorine has 9 protons and 9 electrons. The number of neutrons can vary, as there are different isotopes of fluorine, but the most common isotope, fluorine-19, has 10 neutrons.

No, although their respective charges are exactly equal in size, they are opposite in sign.

The only subatomic particle that has any role in chemistry is the electron.

A cation is a positively charged ion, meaning it has lost electrons. In the case of a 1+ charge on a carbon cation, it would have 5 electrons (neutral Carbon has 6 electrons).

group 1...is 1 valence.

group 2...is 2 valence.

The three particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. the masses of protons and neutrons both approximately 1 amu (Atomic Mass Unit). The mass of an electron is, in most applications, negligible, but is about 1/1836 amu.

The neutron was the second subatomic particle to be discovered, following the electron. It was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 during experiments involving the bombardment of beryllium with alpha particles. The discovery of the neutron was crucial in our understanding of atomic structure and the development of nuclear physics.

The Bohr model of the atom states that electrons are located in specific orbits around the nucleus. In this model, each orbit has a fixed energy level, and electrons can only occupy these specific orbits.

Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The amount of neutrons is exactly the same as the amount of protons.

GeV (giga-electron-volt) is simply a unit of energy, often used for subatomic particles. Because in the subatomic world the mass-energy equivalence is much more obvious than in the large-scale world, it is often also used as a unit of mass. MeV/c2 or GeV/c2 is technically more correct, but the c2 factor is often implied, i.e., omitted.

The element with 8 fewer protons than calcium is magnesium. Calcium has 20 protons, while magnesium has 12 protons.

No, protons are typically not transferred during atomic and molecular collisions. Instead, electrons are commonly exchanged between atoms or molecules during collisions, leading to chemical reactions or the formation of new compounds.

The term "quark" comes from the book "Finnegans Wake" by James Joyce. Physicist Murray Gell-Mann chose this whimsical term to name the elementary particles he proposed as building blocks of protons and neutrons.

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2

It is FAR easier to change the direction of an asteroid than to blow it up. All that is needed to accomplish the former is to nudge the asteroid a little off its collision course with Earth, and this could be done with some small explosions on the side of that asteroid. Blowing up an asteroid would be a complete waste of energy.

Hi!

There aren't just one kind of chemical reactivity. If you are thinkig about an oxidation, e.g., you must know that just electrons are swapped between the atoms. Other kind of chemical reaction is the phase change of a substance (e.g. water), whose doesn't evolves parcticles swapping, but just energy level's change.

However, you must know that, if protons and neutrons react, they will shot radiation, and in this case it isn't a chemical reaction but a NUCLEAR reaction (that can be nuclear fusion - as the sun - or nuclear fission - as the Hiroshima's bomb).

Finaly, to identify a chemic reaction you must pay atention to this effects:

1. Formation of gas.

2. Change of color.

3. Change of temperature.

4.Formation of a solid that didn't exist in the begining of the reaction.

I hope this text should be helpful.

Bye

The energy of an electron in the second shell of a carbon atom is higher than in the first shell because electrons in shells that are further from the nucleus have higher energy levels. This is due to the increased distance from the positively charged nucleus in the atom, which decreases the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the electron.

The greatest number of valence electrons an atom can have is 8, known as the octet rule. This is because most atoms strive to have a full outer shell of electrons, which usually consists of 8 electrons to achieve stability. However, this rule can vary for elements in higher energy levels.

Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons. They are fundamental building blocks of matter and cannot be visualized directly as they are smaller than subatomic particles like electrons. Quarks are studied indirectly through the particles they form and their interactions within particle accelerators.

The element with 8 protons is oxygen (symbol O). It normally has 8 electrons as well, but in this case it has one extra electron, making it an ion. With 7 neutrons, the ion is known as oxygen-15.

Electrons are the subatomic particles in an atom that interact with photons. When photons interact with electrons, they can be absorbed, emitted, or scattered, leading to various chemical and physical processes in a molecule.