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Psychological Disciplines
Different schools of thought in regards to psychological analysis such as those espoused by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
1,126 Questions
What is the humanistic theory?
This theory sees human beings motivated by free-will and learning is based on both perceptions and their evaluation; behavior is the consequence of human choice motivated by desire to evolve or become.
Are you considered a doctor if you have a Ph.D in psychology?
Answer
USA-
Yes. In order to use the title "psychologist," a person must have a Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology), Ph.D., or Ed.D. unlike psychiatrists who are physicians who have a D.O. or M.D.. There are many types of psychologists - many do research and others treat patients. Clinical psychologists are licensed to assess, diagnose and treat mental disorders. Counseling psychologists are licensed to do the same, but often focus more on day to day stresses and less severe mental disorders in their training.
Clinical and counseling psychologists are the only mental health professional also trained in the use of structured instruments to assess, diagnose and recommend treatment planning for mental disorders. In certain states psychologists can also prescribe medication with additional training.
UK-
It depends. In the UK you only need to have completed an undergraduate psychology degree to be able to refer to yourself as a psychologist, so, no, in that respect psychologists are not necessarily doctors. Some of them may be, like in the example above, but not all of them will be.
What is self administered satiation?
Satiation is being physically full and unable to eat anymore food.
What is the scope and limitations in internet?
"The internet is the worldwide, publicly accessible system; it is made up of millions of interconnected computer networks that transmit thousands of data packets every second. The Internet consists of millions of smaller business, academic and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and webpages from the WWW. The Internet is one of the uses of communication. Through the internet, society has access to global information and instant communication".
How can you get in to forensic psychology?
Requirements vary depending on the country you intend to study and practice forensic psychology. In the UK, for instance, there is a very specific route one must follow via the British Psychological Society (BPS). You must complete a BPS accredited degree that provides graduate basis for chartered membership. You must hold a BPS accredited Masters in Forensic Psychology or have stage 1 of the Society's Diploma in Forensic Psychology. In addition, you must also acquire stage 2 of the Society's Diploma on Forensic Psychology, which essentially consists of 2 years supervised practice.
How is forensic psychology different from psychology and the law?
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY is the application of psychology to the criminal justice system. Many people confuse Forensic Psychology with forensic science. Although the two are closely related, there are many differences. The primary difference is that forensic psychologists delve into the vast psychological perspectives and apply them to criminal justice system. On the other hand, forensic psychologists frequently deal with legal issues, such as public policies, new laws, competency, and also whether a defendant was insane at the time a crime occurred. All of these issues weave together psychology and law topics and are essential to the discipline of Forensic Psychology. Forensic Psychology knowledge is used in various forms, such as in treating mentally ill offenders, consulting with attorneys (e.g., on picking a jury), analyzing a criminal's mind and intent, and practicing within the civil arena. Individuals interested in pursuing a Forensic Psychology career would have take psychology and criminal justice courses at the core of their academic studies. There is a very limited number of academic institutions that specifically offer a Forensic Psychology degree. Clinical, social, cognitive, criminal investigative, and developmental psychology also help to prepare one for this speciality. A forensic psychologist may chose to solely focus his/her career on research, ranging anywhere from examination of eyewitness testimony to learning how to improve interrogation methods. Another form of Forensic Psychology work is public policy, in which researchers can help in the design of correctional facilities and prisons. More generally, Forensic Psychology covers territory between the traditional options of criminal justice (i.e., academic training, law enforcement, and corrections). | Forensic Psychology dates back to at least the turn of the twentieth century. William Stern studied memory in 1901 by asking students to examine a picture for forty-five seconds and then try to recall what was happening in it. He would see how much the person could recall at various intervals after seeing the picture. These experiments came before more contemporary research about the reliability of eyewitness's testimony in court. Stern concluded from his research that recall memories are generally inaccurate; the more time between seeing the picture and being asked to recall it, the more errors were made. People especially recalled false information when the experimenter gave them a lead-in question such as, "Did you see the man with the knife?" The person would answer, "yes," even if there was no knife present. Lead-in questions are often used in police interrogations and in questioning witnesses. Hugo Munsterberg is often called the first forensic psychologist. He wrote a book called On the Witness Stand. It was published in 1908, after the work of William Stern. Other psychologists before this, such as Alfred Binet and Sigmund Freud, had also constructed tests that could be used in judicial proceeding. They both did studies suggesting that the time it takes for a person to answer a question could be a factor in determining guilt or innocence. In 1916, Lewis Terman, a Stanford psychologist, began to apply psychology to law enforcement. He revised Alfred Binet's intelligence tests and formed the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. These tests were used to assess the intelligence of thirty applicants for the police and firefighting jobs in San Jose, CA. A few years later, L. L. Thurstone used the same type of test in Detroit. Now, this type of testing is used in most police departments in the country. The application of psychology in law and law enforcement continued throughout the 1920's and 1930's. To this day, there is still a special interest in extending psychology to police work. The demand for psychologists in the legal system has grown considerably over the past several decades. Currently, almost 2,000 psychologists belong to the American Psychology-Law Society. The following are terms that are important to be familar with when learning about Forensic Psychology: Some Important Terms in Forensic Psychology ----
Competency The mental condition of the defendant at the time of trial is brought up every now and then by the defendant. If a defendant is found to be incompetent, our justice system will not usually punish him/her. Insanity Sometimes forensic psychologists are asked to determine whether a defendant was mentally capable at the time an offense was committed, commonly by employing the McNaughton rule and/or the substantial capacity rule. Expert Witness The majority of forensic psychologists testify in court for both the defense and also for prosecuting attorneys about the sanity and competency of defendants, the accuracy of the eye witness, in child custody cases, and also a variety of other things. Criminal Profiling With a lot of experience and schooling, one could work closely with local police and also federal agencies to create psychological profiles of defendants. Jury Consulting Many forensic psychologists work with attorneys in selecting jurors, analyzing the potential verdicts of juries, and explaining actual trial verdicts.
Pretty well anyone who wants to be can be: if someone wishes to have the experience; can concentrate on and follow instructions, and is willing to suspend critical judgement, trust the hypnotist, and "let go" s/he will almost certainly be readily hypnotizable. People of above average intelligence with good imaginations are generally very responsive, and even more so if they routinely focus intensely on task performance.
Those of an untrusting, suspicious or controlling disposition are not usually very responsive; nor are people who can not/ will not follow simple instructions. Broadly, the best responders are reasonably to very intelligent, stable types who are creative and intuitive.
Similarities of cognitive psychology and biological psychology?
Cognitive Psychology looks at aspects of Psychology again, in an internal sense but it is less associated with genetics and more towards the Cognitive (thought/mental) processes associated with specific parts of Psychology, this can include memory, problem solving and language.
Who are neo adlerians in what way they differ from neo Freudians?
Neo-Freudians are those individuals who once believed the basic tenants of psychoanaylsis, but saw some flaw in the theory and created their own theory of psychology. Adler is known as the first to break from Freud. He created a more social theory and argued against psychoanaylsis ever since. His theory, which he called Individual Psychology. This was not because it focused on the individual but because he saw that the people did not have internal conflict, but was a complete individual working harmousily toward a single goal. Conflict, as he saw it, was between the individual and the environment, and those who live in it. He believed in the idea of "striving for superiority" or perfection, and mental disorders are use to safe guard the individual from the reality of inferiority. He coined the terms "superiority complex" and "inferiority complex." Later in life he developed the idea of social interest, styles of life, and many other important theories. To answer your question, neo freudians, such as Karen Horney, Eric Fromm, and Harry Stack Sullivan, are also called neo adlerians. They are called this because the theories they developed after their break from psychoanaylsis were simply a retelling on Adlerian theory. One individual said that "a graduate student would run the risk of being accused of plagiarism if he were to approach another writer so closely." I feel that the term neo-adlerians is acknowledging that the ideas of the neo-freudians were nothing new, but already detailed by Alfred Adler.
What is the mind in psychology?
In the materialistic world, Mind is the most neglected part of our body because it is invisible to others. Our knowledge of mind is totally distorted.
Mind is a buffer and filter interposed between our sensations and movements. Thus, mind minimizes our movements even when there are chaotic changes in the real world.
The abstract mind:
Religion, science and lay people believe that mind is abstract. The reason for this is that in both religion and science mind is bypassed. Science recognizes just Instinctive thinking, or thinking without thinking, and religion recognizes just virtual thinking or thinking using god. This makes mind look very mysterious to us.
The mind, structurally:
From the dawn of civilization mind is associated with every structure in our body like heart, liver, gut, etc.
Science associates it with the brain. However, there are basic differences between the two. we can feel and control our mind but we can't feel and control our brain. The brain is the most enigmatic structure in the entire universe but thinking is very simple.
The only structure that has properties exactly the same as that of the mind is the skeletal muscular system.
The Unified Skeletal Muscle:
All the skeletal muscles of our body can Isometrically contract and relax (Harden and soften) as a single unit called Unified Skeletal Muscle (USM), popularly known as mind.
The body is the Isotonic component of our Skeletal muscular system and thus, ulike the mind, it brings about movements. Thus, mind and body are intimately related.
The USM is basically a distinct entity and works independently. However, when it is bypassed the USM becomes a part of our body. Thus, USM is common to body and mind.
I, Self and Attitudes:
When the tone of the USM is 50% it is called as 'I' When it is 0% it is called positive attitude and when 100% as negative attitude. The tones closer to the attitudes constitute the Self. 'I' is voluntary and Self and Attitudes are involuntary.
However, in reality We don't allow our tone to vary from 0% to 100% and use a small spectrum portio around the 50% range.
Since 'I' lies in our USM, which is common to both our body and mind, we use it to refer to both our body and mind. Thus, we say 'I think' and 'I do'.
Isometric movements (movements that just give us a feeling of movement but never results in actual movements), emotions, feeling, consciousness, time sense, god, I, Self, thinking, etc are properties of the USM.
Therefore, we can feel all these entities and even control them. However, since, skeletal muscles can be involuntary all these can work on their own also.
Mind and thinking:
The most important function of the mind is thinking. In thiking we use memories of feelings and biological feelings as sensations. We use Isometric movements instead of isotonic or real world movements. Emotions act as our guide and enables us to know what emotions would be produced by interaction between changes in sensory feelings and isometric movements. It can also be used to know what changes in sensations and/ or movements would produce the desired emotion.
Parts of mind:
Mind is conventionally divided into conscious mind and subconscious mind.
However, in reality it is made of 7+ 1 minds.
The seven minds:
They are,
1. Dreaming mind
2. Illusory mind
3. Voluntary mind
4. Semi voluntary/ Natural/ Default mind
5. Involuntary mind
6. Status altering mind
7. Compulsive mind
Normally, the best mind for a purpose is automatically selected and therefore, we believe that there is just one mind.
The eighth mind is the Instinctive mind over which we don't have direct control.
The upper three and a half minds constitute the conscious mind and the lowe three and a half, subconscious mind. Thus, anatomically the conscious mind corresonds to the the below navel part of the USM and subconscious mind to above navel part.
Control of mind:
Mind can work on its own. If it is not working properly we can service the mind by separating and resetting the seven minds. Since mind is made of skeletal muscular system we can do this through isometric exercises.
What are the advantages of psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis is considered by its practioners to be more thorough and enduring. It spends a great deal of time on exploring the client's past, uses the technique of "free association (saying whatever come to mind without censorship)," and is supposed to raise the unconscious content of the mind to consciousness, providing the client with more control over his or her life. However, it is lengthy, usually lasting years and it is very expensive. Classical psychoanalysis, rarely practived these days, involves three to five visits a week to the psychoanalysts. Most psychoanalysts are psychiatrists, while some are psychologists and a very few are clinical social workers. Psychiatry has become higly biologically oriented over the last several decades and relies more heavily on medication than talk therapy. Most psychologist are cognitive-behaviorally oriented. Much more prevalent than classical psychoanalysis today is an adaption of it to what is known as "Psychodynamic" psychotherpy. This tends to be briefer and relies on one or two visits to the therapist a week Today, cognitive-behavioral therapy is regarded as more effective and briefer than most therapies. This modality is highly researched and has a storng scientific foundation. Other models of therapy include gestalt, narrative, constructivism, existential, Jungian, and so forth. Many theorists and researchers of psychotherapy believe that more significant than the type of therapy one enters is the strength of the relationship between client and therapist. There is research supporting the premise that certain common elements are present in all types of therapy and that these commonalities are more central to the client achieving a successful outcome than the type of therapy involved. Lastly, the majority of therapists practicing today, tend to be eclectic, meaning that they tend to use techniques drawn from a variety of therapeutic models even though they may have a single coherent philosophy of therapy which guides their practice.
What is the definition of psychology of reading?
it is about one feeling about oneself and about others affect the reading process. emotional ability determines one's comfort in the reading situation.
Why social psychology is a science and not psychology?
Any answer to this question will depend upon how science is perceived. Regardless of how science is perceived, claiming that something is a science because it studies something is invalid. For example consider the claim that 'ghostology' is a science because it studies ghosts. Consequently, just because psychology studies mentality (or behaviour) doesn't mean that it is a science. Indeed Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher, contended, wrongly, that psychology couldn't become a science because (supposedly) the mind can't be studied. The International Council for Science (ICSU) will have its perception of science. My guess is that it is considered a science because it employs the "scientific method" for inquiry.
people can be sometimes be socially awkward because they are shy, or dislike other people.
Why study adolescent psychology?
Adolescent Psychology is the ... psychology of the adolescent. The study of how the thinking process develops through puberty, for instance. Basic Psychology classes in college usually include Child Psychology and Adolescent Psychology, and they are pretty popular, because people can all relate to going through those things themselves.
Where to get psychology education?
In order to purse career in psychology you need to think about what kind of degree you can earn and which college should be selected for this. There are many psychology degrees at all education levels and many directions you can take after getting these degrees. The first step to learning how to get a degree in psychology is to figure out what kind of psychology professional you want to become.
If you want some help like finding college and degree for psychology then http://www.PsychologySchoolsU.com is best place for this.
What is dialectical behavior therapy?
Dr. Marsha M. Linehan originally developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) to treat individuals suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. She drew upon tools from Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) that help to regulate emotions and improve reality-testing, as well as from Buddhist traditions of non-judgmental acceptance, and mindful awareness. Specific skills promoted through DBT include: mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and tolerance of affective distress.
What do you understand by the term cognitive psychology?
Cognitive psychology is the study of the human mind and mental processes; studies are usually in regards to learning, memory and problem solving. In other words, cognitive psychology can be considered a study of how the mind works with the environment, in regards to decisions and actions.
Cognitive science is not limited to the mental process but the structural cognitive matrix level & layers of the cognitive function & process that is now at its infancy & medical research level.
For more information, read:
Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook By Michael W. Eysenck and Mark T. Keane Psychology Press, 631pp ISBN 0-86377-551-9 Published 31 July, 2000
Misconception about psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviours & mental process. Psychology follows systematic method of observing, describing, predicting & explaining the subject matter of case or problem.
Psychologist try to understand mental characteristics of particular individual. It may provide psychological evaluation , assessment, testing & treatment but may not prescribe medications. There are many continuing education courses for psychology on web like psychotherapy for men & women & its law & ethics. These type of CE courses are really helpful for psychologist & counselors.
www.naceonline.com
What is psychology's goal of describing behavior?
The purpose of pyschology is to understand and interpret human behavior
This can mean a number of things. Some people say that a series of notes is melodic if it draws more attention to itself or has a more prominent role in a piece of music (the melody/melodies of a song instead of the harmony/harmonies). Some people might refer to something as being melodic if they consider it to be pleasant, beautiful, or it simply happens to be higher in pitch. Also, in music theory, tones are considered to be melodic if they are played one at a time, whereas harmonic tones are played at the same time (therefor forming a harmony with each other).
What is the field of psychology about?
The study of psychology is about learning to predict patterns of human behavior. Psychology is like any other science in that it involves the use of the scientific method to test and disprove hypotheses, or formalized beliefs about the world based on evidence and theory. We learn about reliable cause-effect relationships, and when behaviors, attributes, or situations tend to co-occur. Psychology helps us answer questions like, "Why is it that two people will react differently to the same situation?", "How does a child learn to speak?" and "What causes depression?". As we go through life, each of us comes up with our own "theories" as to how the world works - "My girlfriend is glaring at me because she knows I didn't do the dishes". However, these "theories" are prone to systematic errors in judgment, and we'll make mistakes. This is why the scientific method is so important- it helps us control for these errors of judgment by using an impartial, controlled setting- an experiment.
Who are the 8 forces of psychology?
inconsious mind force 1
behaviorism force 2
humanism force 3
cognitive psych force 4
biological psych force 5
social psych force 6
spirituality force 7
creative pysch force 8
YOUR WELCOME!
What are the schools of thought in psychology?
1. Psycho-dynamic or psycho-analytic, this is basically Freud's School of Psychology, but one women I remember was also Karen Horney she is also apart of this class. So this school of psych. deals with the unconscious mind, we make decisions below our awareness. It also includes the ego, id, and superego, oh and transference too. I also remember Freud's defense mechanisms including regression and repression. There is also an emphasis on the stages of childhood, including oral and anal stages, I know sounds gross, but Freud used these stages to explain fixation.
2. Biological or Medical, this school involves genetics, but does not necessarily say that genes prove causality. This school of psych. mentions one's predisposition to mental illness, for example, when it runs in the family. But the biological school also relates to chemical imbalances or imbalances of the neurotransmitters, such as a lack of serotonin or dopamine. Let's take dopamine for example, schizophrenia has been linked to too much dopamine, while too little dopamine has been linked to Parkinson's disease.
3. Humanistic School of Psychology, important figures from this class include Carl Rogers, who formed what is known as unconditional positive regard aka total acceptance. Even Abraham Maslow who developed Self-actualization. I guess this class focused on personal growth and development and seeing the world in the individual's eyes. This school also includes what is called the client centered therapy, in which the therapist focuses solely on the perceptions of the client and not his or her own interpretations.
4. Cognitive School of Psychology accounts for responsibility I believe. This school discusses our "nutty thinking" and how one change their thinking. Change your thinking and you can change your mood. Or in other words cognitive behavior therapy.
5. Behavioral School of Psych. This school includes systematic desensitization, which can apply to phobias. Basically this is like gradually exposes someone to his or her fears or exposure therapies. It also includes forms of conditioning.
