Sailing

There should be a special bin set aside for the disposal of oily rags. Do not throw the oily rag into the water. What to do should be stated on a noticeboard of rules and regulations.

how does the area of the sail affect how a model boat sail

Simply put, don't drink and drive. States' penal codes vary.

The majority of sailboats have monohulls, but world circumnavigators seem to prefer trimaran hulls for their innate stability.

A boat and enough sailing knowledge. Wind and water help, as well.

Should you embark within the territorial waters of the US, I highly recommend one PFD (personal floatation device) for each person aboard. That is a USCG REQUIREMENT.

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A wheel or a tiller is used to influence the direction of the rudder, which steers the boat.

Winch and ratchet.

Here's a Wikipedia explanation of the purpose of a running backstay: In some sail boats, there are two running backstays. Each one runs from each lateral corner of the stern to the mast at the level where the forestay begins in the fractional rig. Together with other rigging, it supports the mast. During beating or reaching, the running backstay in windward side is in tension. The one in the leeward side is lazy. As the boat tacks they change over. Another function of the running backstay is to adjust the tension of the forestay to suit the sailing angle and sea condition. In general, during a hard beat when the boat sails very close to the wind, the running backstay is tightened to increase the tension of the forestay. The genoa is sheeted in. Under these conditions, the draft of the genoa is brought foreward reducing the drag.

Having searched lists of shipwrecks to no avail, I request that you state the country of origin/registry for any ship you want information on.

A centerboard is lighter, therefore not as strong. The centerboard is retractable, the keel is not.

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They were great merchants and explorers

The sail acts as an aerofoil so that when the boat is sailing close-hauled (close to the wind) the wind hits the leading-edge of the sail end on, the curve of the sail then deflects it and produces the force that has a component in line with the boat that drives it forward, with the keel stopping too much sideways movement.

land lubber

The term bullet, in sailboat racing, means taking first place in a race.

The words need some context before one can answer the question. For example, if one is asking about blanketing and backing in the context of sailing, they mean something quite different than in the context of bedroom furniture. In the context of sailing these are generally not nouns (a blanket and a back) but verbs -- something you do. Blanketing occurs when one sail interferes with the wind that would otherwise get to another sail, either on the same or a different boat. When while racing another boat blankets your boat, it really takes the wind out of your sails. Backing is when the clew of a sail is forced to the same side of the boat as the wind or when in the eye of the wind and dead in irons forcing the clew (usually that of the jib) to one side. Backing the jib pushes the bow to the opposite direction.

Perini Navi shipyards in Viareggio, Italy.

There are several poles that hold sails. The one you are probably refering to is the mast, which is vertical and usually at least the length of the ship. Some designs can have more than one mast, in which case there are several different names for various arrangements, and the masts have different names as well.

Another type of pole that holds a sail is the boom, which is a spar that connects the bottom edge of the mainsail to the mast so it can be controlled. Other types include spinnaker poles and whisker poles, which allow the use of different headsails to make the boat faster or more efficient.

Depending on the type of sailing the list is extensive.
There are the necessities of life such as food and water,
Safety equipment, life jackets, radio, flares.
Spare sails or repair kits.
Charts and instruments
Toolkit
Knowledge

They are - most inboard engines are 4-stroke. But as with land vehicles, you can get a smaller engine with 2-stroke (or more horsepower with a smaller engine) so the small engines like some outboards tend to be 2-stroke.

It may cause you to change directions often (called 'tacking') or cause you to be stranded far from shore (called 'in irons').

If the white light is flashing, it will tell you what type of mark it is, depending on the flash code.
If the light is steady, it is probably a riding light. Riding lights are sometimes used on a float, to show which way the current is flowing.
Some flash codes (characteristics)

Quick flash. = North cardinal
3 Flashes (groups of 3) = East Cardinal
6 flash then 1 long one = South Cardinal
9 Flashes = West cardinal
2 flashes = Isolated danger

Stays and shrouds are mast supports. Shrouds support the mast to the sides of a boat while and a stay supports the mast in a fore and aft direction. More specifically, a forestay attaches to the mast near the top and runs to the bow. A headstay is a forestay, but is usually the highest forestay and runs furthest forward attaching to the bow or bowsprit.

Most probably, you would sail through the Gulf of Mexico and into the Atlantic Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean.