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Software Engineering

Software engineering is the process of applying well-developed techniques and practices in order to create new software products. Questions about everything from design patterns to requirements and specification belong here.

1,663 Questions

Write a note on ATM layer performance measurement?

ATM LAYER PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

ATM Layer Performance:- It is known as information transfer performance and refers to performance related to cell transport service provided by network. The two key issues of ATM layer are:-

NP (Network performance)

Quality of Service (QOS)

1. Network Performance:- It is used to manage the network and include parameters that are meaningful to network providers for system design configuration, operation and maintenance.

Network performance is measure by network at various points while QOS is measure at end point. During continuation of service, these parameters can be calculating without affected users traffic. This require the NP procedure to be activated and de-activated. The calling end-point (A) generate an activation or de-activation request towards another end point (B) with request for action on either A to B, B to A or both direction. The requirement is generated with help of ATM OAM cell.

I. ATM OAM Cell, Activation, de-activation function specific fields:-

II.

Message ID

000001 à Activation request

000010 à Activation confirmed

000011 à Activation request denied

000101 à Deactivation request

000110 à Deactivation confirmed

000111 à Deactivation request denied

If other point B respond to all of request then activation or deactivation confirmed message is returned otherwise activation deactivation confirmed message, request denied message is confirmed.

2 Direction of action:

It has two value that is from activator(10) or towards activator(01).

3 Correlation tag:

It has same value for all packets.

4 PM block size A-B:

It is identifier performance measurement block which can supported from A to B by a bit mask of 1024 bytes, 512, 256, 00 128 bytes. From most significant bit to least significant bit respectively.

5 PM block size B-A:

It identifies the performance measurement block which can be supported from B to A by a bit mask of 1024, 512, 256, 128 bytes from most significant bit to least significant bit respectively.

Quality of Service (QOS):- QOS is end users view about working of network and includes parameters that can be directly observe and measure by user and are described in network independent terms.

QOS is defined in terms of following cell transfer outcomes:-

Successful cell transfer outcome:- the cell is received corresponding to transmitted cell within a specified time. The binary content of received cell confirm exactly to corresponding cell payload and the cell is received with valid header field.

Errored cell outcome:- the cell is received within specified time but binary content of received cell payload differs from that of corresponding transmitted cell.

Cost cell outcome:- no cell is received corresponding to transmitted cell within specified time.

Misinserted cell outcome:- a received cell for which there is no transmitted cell.

Severely error cell block outcome:- when N or more cell outcome or errored cell outcome are reserved in a received cell block of N-cells transmitted consecutively on a given connection.

Parameters for measuring information transfer performance:-

Cell delay variation.

Cell error ratio.

Cell Loss Ratio

Cell Misinsertion Ratio

Cell transfer delay

Cell error ratio: is the ratio of PDU's received at an end point which contains an invalid CRC in relation to total no. of cells properly transmitted associated with given traffic load.

Signal metrics:

1. CAC rejection or denial time: The amount of time required fo0r CAC to determine that cell must be rejected, it is measured in seconds.

Connection establishment time:- The amount of time between first setup message from calling party and connect message to it. It is also measured in seconds.

Connection teardown time:- The amount of time between the release message being sent and release complete message being received. It is also measured in seconds.

What is robustness testing in software engineering?

Robustness has been defined by the Food and Drug Administration as "the degree to which a software system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions."

What is formula for calculating the Bollard pull of a ship?

Greetings There are basically two approaches for calculating Required Bollard Pull of a Tug for towing a Barge or a Ship. The first method is to determine the frictional resistance, wave-making resistance, wind resistance, current resistance and towrope resistance for a given tow speed and sum all these up and depending on the units used convert the same to BHP, after taking an efficiency factor. The second method is to determine the total force (which includes wind resistance, wave resistance, current resistance, all at zero tow speed), that is the force required of the Tug to ensure that it can hold the Tow in a given envriornemental criteria. As per IMO Guidelines for Safe Ocean Towing, a 5 metre wave, 40 knot wind and 1 Knot current is taken. Kind regards Tony Fernandez tony.fernandez@braemarfalconer.co.in

How do you explain the general reason why information systems may not succeed?

Some reasons information systems may not succeed are lack of knowledge about how to use the system, input from users to the system not being accurate, lack of training on the part of the company, etc.

A software engineer has the capability of thinking 100 lines of code in five minutes and can type 100 lines of code in 10 minutes He takes a break for five minutes after every ten minutes How many l?

250 lines

a. 5 min think + 5 min type + 5 min break + 5 min type = 20 min and 100 lines

b. 5 min think + 5 min break + 10 min type = 20 min and 100 lines

c. 5 min break + 5 min think + 5 min type + (Remaining) 5 min type = 20 min and 50 lines

from a,b,c

total time=60 min

total lines writes=250

What are the main attributes of test automation?

The main attributes of test automation include reusability, efficiency, accuracy, and consistency. It allows for faster execution of test cases, reduces human error, and enables extensive test coverage. Additionally, it supports continuous integration and delivery, enhances collaboration among teams, and provides detailed reporting for informed decision-making in software development.

What is the relationship between XML Technology and Software Engineering?

I guess you have to learn some basics. Software Engineering is a Engineering discipline and XML is a technology. There is no such relation of those two. XML is using widely in computer programming. E.g. for config. an application, store data.

What Challenges that software engineering face nowadays?

1.heterogeneity

2.delivery time

3.trustworthy

4.business and social change

5.security

6.learn to write multithread application

7.learn how to operate programming tool and environment internally

Explain how both the waterfall model of the software process and the prototyping model can be accommodated in the spiral process model?

the waterfall model gives us prototyping , and spirl model gives

us product , so the set of the waterfall accommodat in the spirl to

gives us this product.

What is modality in software engineering?

modality provides information about the participation of a particular data object in relationship.

Explain different types of coding style in software engineering?

Meaningful variable names.

Always use descriptive and meaningful variable names. Don't worry about the length. Meaningful variable names help other people reading your code understand what is going on. Example:

if (a <= = 24)

What is a? This is confusing.

if (vacationHours <= = 24)

See, better.

<li>Variable scope indicated by name.

Code is easier to read and understand if each variable indicates it's scope. One way to do this is to add prefixes to variable names, for example:

Scope = Class member or instance variable: m_hours

Scope = Class static variable: s_hours

Scope = Parameter passed in a method call: p_hours

Scope = local variable to a method: l_hours

Regards

~Anoop

What is the main limitation of the water fall model?

  • The model implies that you should attempt to complete a given stage before moving on to the next stage
    • Does not account for the fact that requirements constantly change.
    • It also means that customers can not use anything until the entire system is complete.
  • The model makes no allowances for prototyping.
  • It implies that you can get the requirements right by simply writing them down and reviewing them.
  • The model implies that once the product is finished, everything else is maintenance.

What is the Scope of software engineering?

•The scope of software engineering is extremely broad. In general, five aspects are involved:

-Historical Aspects

-Economic Aspects

-Maintenance Aspects

-Requirements, Analysis, and Design Aspects

-Team Development Aspects

What are disadvantages of the rational unified process?

  • Not suitable for small scale industry and safety critical projects.
  • Time consuming due to lengthy documentation
  • Cost Consuming

What are the applications of a monostable multivibrator?

applications of monostable multivibrator
A monostable is a circuit that will respond to a stimuli only once and only for a period. Its usage can be many depends of applications

Define commercial risk?

Commercial risk is business risk. A business measures risk to determine if investments or projects are worth investing in before they do so.

Provide three example of software projects that would be amenable to the incremental model?

Provide three examples of software projects that would be amenable to the incremental model. Be specific.

What is the meaning of constant variables?

Constant variables are variables that, once initialized, do not change in value. They are effectively the same as literal constants, except that you can use symbolic names to make it easier to understand the meaning of the program.

For instance, in a trigonometry program, it is easier to use the identifier PI than it is to use the literal 3.1415926535897932. Also, if you have a constant that might be adjustable, such as a factor in an equation, naming it allows you to change its value by changing only one line of code, rather than seeking out all of the lines of code that refer to the factor.

Constant variables are also candidates for being placed in read-only memory, potentially making the program more secure.