Submarines

It sounds something like a horribly garbled version of Thunderbirds or maybe Stingray. However in Stingray the ( Fish-Men) vaguely like Japs!were the bad guys. The main characters in Thunderbirds were human beings, the Tracy Brothers of the future version of a salvage company- the International Rescue. They used a wide variety of vehicles including specialized aircraft and one submarine, the Thunderbird 4. Your description, which includes (Three D animation- not a bad description of Supermarionation which used puppets to get a three-D effect) but these shows were mainly about human, not animal, characters.

Yes, the buoyant force on a submarine has been reduced to allow it to "stop floating" and submerge.

Sonar

High speed for military purposes is any speed that their war machine can do and strike the enemy machine (tank, truck, jeep, ship, jet, helicopter, airplane, armored personnel carrier, etc.). Civilians are probably thinking that the military/naval forces have some secret after burner built into their vessels specifically for ramming. NOT THE CASE. If the tank commander, ship commander, airplane commander, etc. is angry enough, and his weapons didn't do the job, then it's, "...ramming speed!"

Nansen bottles

Absolutely - I've been through 2 during my submarine days, and you'd be surprised at how deep the wave action can affect you. Of course modern submarines can simply go to deep depths to avoid it, but even at 400 feet you can take some pretty heavy rolls. It's also standard policy for all ships and submarines to emergency sortie (get underway) when a hurricane is imminent, as Navy vessels can ride out the storm effectively at sea, whereas in port the damage potential is extremely high.

I remember one particular instance where we were on our way home from a Spec Ops mission and hit a hurricane that had passed from the Gulf of Mexico and across the Florida panhandle and into the Atlantic. Since it was too rough to surface and head in, we stayed at around 400' - we were still taking 12-15 degree rolls at that depth.

In another case where we had to emergency sortie due to a hurricane heading up the coast (I was stationed in Charleston back then) one boat had to submerge next to the pier as the rest of us headed to sea. She wasn't able to get underway due to her propulsion system being repaired, but was lucky as the hurricane just grazed on its way out to the open Atlantic.

Pretty much what you'd expect with any incident involving a nuclear submarine, though in my own and other Sailors' opinions the punishment was too light. The Naval officers in charge essentially had their careers ended, apologies all around, full restitution to the Japanese from the U.S., full investigations by the Navy / NTSB with Japanese officials observing, etc. I and other former submariners are more concerned with the number of accidents; there have been more in the last 11 years than during the entire Cold War. To myself and others, it's an indication of how lax crews have become. We didn't tolerate screwups in the Submarine Force during the Cold War.

In the Greenville's case, she was carrying civilians on a "dog & pony show", which having done them in the past, is nothing short of a major PITA. It's one thing when you have civilian contractors riding aboard or the annual midshipman cruise, but regular civilians are a major distraction, even with normal crew complement aboard in safe waters. In my time they would never allow civilians into the areas they were during the Greenville's cruise.

When I first learned of it, I assumed that it had been an undetected contact that had appeared close aboard upon reaching periscope depth, which is a submarine's most vulnerable point, during the transition. Apparently that wasn't the case; after reading formal report, there's no question that the CO, Control Room crew, and Sonar Room blew it. As a former Submarine Sonarman myself, I couldn't believe that they didn't realize how close aboard the Ehime Maru was. It's one thing if you don't detect it and ocean thermal conditions don't allow you to hear a target until you're coming to PD and it's suddenly close aboard as you pass the thermocline. It's another completely when you've tracked it previously and blow the range estimate upon re-acquisition of target.

I think one of the biggest problems today on the 688's and newer boats (even though the Greenville used the same Sonar Suite I was qualified on) is that Sonarman today tend to use their displays more than their ears. I was fortunate to both train on and use analog and digital Sonar systems, and with analog systems we had to use our ears exclusively, since we didn't have a display - just a bearing ring.

I think also that the reason the accident brought more scrutiny than most is that there were a lot of students killed on the Ehime Maru. It's one thing if you're a sailor - being at sea comes with accepted risks to life as part of the gig. Students, however, aren't professional sailors, and that fact compounded an already bad situation.

Submarines.

There are many fluids used in modern submarines, most of them hazardous in one form or another. However, the most commonly used are:

1. Hydraulic Fluid - Virtually every key mechanical system aboard a submarine is tied to the main or auxiliary hydraulics systems, e.g. Planes, Stabilizers, Rudder, Periscopes, Antenna/Radar masts, etc. There are Port and Starboard systems that are continually cycled through redundant systems.

2. Seawater - Used for everything - Steam to drive the Turbines for power (electrical and engines), freshwater conversion (desalination), sanitary (non-potable) systems, weapons ejection, trash dumping, Main and Trim Ballast, etc.

3. Fresh Water - In different variations (Potable for crew use, DI (De-Ionized) for O2 generation and Nucleonics, etc.)

4. Monoethanolamine (Amine) - Primary fluid component in the ship's CO2 Scrubber systems.

They rise to the surface when air is pumped IN. They sink when air is let out

The Casino of Spa in Belgium is believed to be the oldest in the world.

Founded in 1763, and completed in 1769, it predates the Casino of Monaco (1862) by a century!

Submarines use High-Pressure Air Compressors to replace air that is stored in external tanks for use in emergency Main Ballast Tank blows and internal systems. The tanks themselves are located inside the ballast tanks.

Note that high pressure air is only used for emergencies; normal operations involves a boat coming to periscope depth, and then using a low pressure blower (essentially a high CFM fan) to slowly force the water out using its air. The backup diesel generator can also be used if the ventilation system is rigged to force the exhaust into the ballast tanks.

In both cases, the boat needs to be at periscope depth in order to use its snorkel mast to bring in air to supply the the LPB and the Diesel.

A casing deck is another term for a submarine's superstructure hull, which is the outer hull that protects the inner pressure hull.

Using a thermos bottle as an analogy, the inner container where liquid goes would be the pressure hull, and the outer case which protects it the superstructure, or outer hull.

A submarine uses the surrounding waters too fill itself to dive and letting out the water too surface. Also the pressure of the surrouding waters (depending on depth) make it able for the Submarine to go back up. try pushing an empty pringles can down in your bathtub.

Currently resides in the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. It was captured two days before D-Day (June 4th) in 1944. Many classified documents inside aided the allied codebreaking effort.

A submarine hatch can be opened fairly easily if the submarine is filled with water because the water pressure on each side of the hatch is equalized.

The first rudimentary periscopes were used in experimental submarines in the mid-late 1880's - however, Simon Lake is generally credited with the invention of the telescoping periscope that is still in use today.

The new Seawolf, Virginia, and British Astute classes now use Photonics Masts rather than traditional periscopes. They're essentially HD optical sensors that relay information through a hull connection to workstations in the Control Room. This allows for a much smaller hull penetration than traditional scopes, and as such, it also allows for redesigns of the internal pressure hull, as the Control Room no longer needs to be directly under the Sail.

To be honest though, Photonics Masts limit the "cool" factor of periscopes. You just can't be like John Wayne looking at a video screen; you gotta have a traditional periscope.

All surface ships, as well as surfaced submarines, are in a positively buoyant condition, weighing less than the volume of water they would displace if fully submerged. To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must have negative buoyancy, either by increasing its own weight or decreasing its displacement of water. To control their weight, submarines have ballast tanks, which can be filled with outside water or pressurized air.

For general submersion or surfacing, submarines use the forward and aft tanks, called Main Ballast Tanks or MBTs, which are filled with water to submerge, or filled with air to surface. Under submerged conditions, MBTs generally remain flooded, which simplifies their design, and on many submarines these tanks are a section of interhull space. For more precise and quick control of depth, submarines use smaller Depth Control Tanks or DCTs, also called hard tanks due to their ability to withstand higher pressure. The amount of water in depth control tanks can be controlled either to reflect changes in outside conditions or change depth. Depth control tanks can be located either near the submarine's center of gravity, or separated along the submarine body to prevent affecting trim.

When submerged, the water pressure on submarine's hull can reach 4 MPa (580 psi) for steel submarines and up to 10 MPa (1,500 psi) for titanium submarines like Komsomolets, while interior pressure remains relatively unchanged. This difference results in hull compression, which decreases displacement. Water density also increases with depth, as the salinity and pressure are higher, but this incompletely compensates for hull compression, so buoyancy decreases as depth increases. A submerged submarine is in an unstable equilibrium, having a tendency to either fall or float to the surface. Keeping a constant depth requires continual operation of either the depth control tanks or control surfaces.

Submarines in a neutral buoyancy condition are not intrinsically trim-stable. To maintain desired trim, submarines use forward and aft trim tanks. Pumps can move water between these, changing weight distribution, creating a moment pointing the sub up or down. A similar system is sometimes used to maintain stability.

Sail of the French nuclear submarine Casabianca; note the diving planes, camouflaged masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows.

The hydrostatic effect of variable ballast tanks is not the only way to control the submarine underwater. Hydrodynamic maneuvering is done by several surfaces, which can be moved to create hydrodynamic forces when a submarine moves at sufficient speed. The stern planes, located near the propeller and normally horizontal, serve the same purpose as the trim tanks, controlling the trim, and are commonly used, while other control surfaces may not be present on many submarines. The fairwater planes on the sail and/or bow planes on the main body, both also horizontal, are closer to the centre of gravity, and are used to control depth with less effect on the trim.

When a submarine performs an emergency surfacing, all depth and trim methods are used simultaneously, together with propelling the boat upwards. Such surfacing is very quick, so the sub may even partially jump out of the water, potentially damaging submarine systems

Modern submarines are powered by one of 2 primary propulsion methods - nuclear power or diesel-electric.

DE propulsion has been around since John Holland invented the first viable combat submarine with range. The design hasn't changed much in over 100 years, though the technology of course has been greatly improved. The design consists of at least 2 diesel engines that recharge large battery cells, which in turn power an electric motor while submerged. The diesel is also used for surfaced propulsion and while recharging either on the surface, or at periscope depth.

DE submarines today, unlike those of past wars, are primarily used by smaller navies for coastal defense, rather than for long-range strategic purposes. This is because the advent of Nuclear Power for most blue-water navies using submarines leaves the DE submarine at a disadvantage in a tactical situation. Though DE's are extremely quiet on an electric motor, their speed limitations against another boat using NP means they're on the defensive as soon as they make enough noise to be detected. Battery power also limits the scope of electronic and weapons systems they can carry, and their fuel limits their range and capability and speed.

Nuclear Power is the choice of large blue-water navies for submarines, since the USS Nautilus circumnavigated the globe in the '50's without the need for refueling and in record time. Nuclear Power gives naval vessels a huge advantage in the systems it can employ, crew comfort (secondary), and tactical employment. Nuclear submarines can be in a target area gathering intelligence or inserting covert teams long before main Carrier Battle Groups enter the area.

U-boat.

The submarines were either called "submarines" or "U-boats." The German submarine was called the "U-boat"

Periscope

Tamahawk® Cruise Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is an all-weather, long range, subsonic cruise missile used for land attack warfare, launched from U. S. Navy surface ships and U.S. Navy and Royal Navy submarines. It is capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads.