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Sumer
Sumer was a region in ancient Mesopotamia, which is now modern day Iraq. The Sumer civilization was one of the first to develop agricultural skills.
1,174 Questions
What did ziggrants do in the Sumerian society?
Two things; it's spelled "ziggurat" and they were huge steepled towers used as temples to the gods of the Sumerians.
What were some of the sumerians advances in government?
they used trade and had a strong millatire
this answer is from abass braimah from cims high school
What parts of the modern countries does the Fertile crescent include?
The Fertile Crescent basically constitutes a long arc from the Nile Delta to the Persian Gulf because fresh water was (and still is) a key requisite for civilizations to survive and flourish. Using today's country names, it covers parts of Egypt and Sudan, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran. (likely I overlooked a couple Lilliputian countries and wannabe countries)
The question is not phrased precisely and thus is difficult to answer objectively.
Who defines "modern" and what criteria are used - date the country was created, or by some PER CAPITA comparison to countries worldwide, e.g., literacy, crime/violence, poverty, indoor plumbing, healthy births; or by type of government (primitive despotic or religious dictatorships vs. something more representative of the citizenry and conducive to freedom)
What does "parts" mean? Would listing a major city suffice or should "parts" be bounded by GPS coordinates.
Do we use today's climate-defined watershed and irrigation coverage or the one from back when the term Fertile Crescent was first coined or back when the earliest villages sprouted up in approx 8000 to 7000 BCE?
IMHO, the only definitely "modern" country is Israel by any of the aforementioned criteria, though Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and even Turkey probably have a legitimate claim to the term "modern" as well.
Wouldn't surprise me if, despite widespread illiteracy, poverty, strife, and Draconian govt rule, Iran and Syria would jump up and down claiming they're "modern" if only because of sporadic electric service and a weapons stockpile. Ego is a human weakness.
What is the same problem that all four Mesopotamia empire has after the fall of Sumer?
they could not conquer other empires
What social class did priests belong on in ancient Sumer?
the priests belong to the upper class (1st class)
What did The ancient Sumerians modified their environment to increase food production by?
using silt from the Euphrates River to expand their farmland.
What caused Mesopotomian and Sumerian civilizations to rise and fall?
The rivers allowed irrigation which helped them grow crops. This helped civilizations grow. Other civilizations including Alexander the Great, Romans, and Persians developed better armies to destroy these civilizations.
What tools did the sumerians use to write?
The Sumerians used the reed stylus to write. Unlike nowadays we use pen or pencils.
What was the Sumerians step pyramids housing?
Unlike the Egyptians, the Sumerians did not build pyramids, instead they built Ziggurats. These Ziggurats were huge structures, made of brick and comparable in size to a pyramid. In appearance they resembled a step pyramid. But they were not tombs, these were temples, sometimes with terraces planted with trees, scrubs and flowers. Similar in use to pyramid temples in the Americas.
Mathematics
The Sumerian System, called "sexagesimal", combined a mundane 10...
with a "celestial" 6, to obtain the base figure 60. This system is in some
ways superior to our present one, and much superior to later Greek and
Roman systems. It enabled Sumerians to divide into fractions and multiply
into the million, to calculate roots or raise numbers several powers.
This was not only the first known mathematical system, but also one that
gave us... the "place" concept: Just as, (in the decimal system), 2 can be
2 or 20 or 200, depending on the digits place, so could a Sumerian 2
mean 2, or 120 (2 x 60), and so on, depending on the place.
The 360 degree circle, the foot and its 12 inches, and the "dozen" as
a unit, are but a few examples of the vestiges of Sumerian Mathematics,
still evident in our daily lives.
Their achievements in Astronomy, the establishment of a calendar, and
similar mathematical feats will come up later.
The Sumerians are credited with two technological breakthroughs...
that made it possible to combine lightness with tensile strength, for
all clay products: "reinforcing and firing" .
Modern architects... have discovered that reinforced concrete, an
extremely strong building material, can be created by pouring cement
into molds... containing iron rods; long ago, the Sumerians gave their
bricks great strength... by mixing the wet clay with chopped reeds
or straw.
he Sumerians used petroleum products, not only as fuels, but also
as road building materials for water-proofing, chalking, painting, cementing
and molding... there was a "mound of bitumen", in Ur. Forbes shows...
that the Sumerian language... had terms for every genus, and variant of
bituminous substances found in Mesopotamia.
For example, the most common word for petroleum, "Naphta", derives
from "Napatu", "stones that flare up".
The Sumerian use of petroleum products, was also basic to an
advanced chemistry and alchemy. The high level of Sumerian knowledge
in the variety of paints and pigments used... and such processes... as
glazing, as well as the remarkable artificial production... of semi-precious
stones, including a substitute for Lapis Lazuli.
Bitumens... were also used in Sumerian Medicine, another field
where the standards were impressively high. Hundreds of Akkadian
texts... that have been found, employ Sumerian Medical terms and
phrases extensively, pointing to the Sumerian origin... of all Mesopotamia medicine. They were very advanced in cloning.
What were the three environmental challenges to the Sumerians?
Three environmental challenges to the Sumerians were:
- Unpredictable flooding
- No natural barriers for protection
- The natural resources were limited for the Sumerians.
Why were the temples of the Sumerians built on elevated pieces of land?
It put them closer to the stars, from which they believed we came.
Why would it be difficult to have an organized society without system of writing?
it would be difficult because without the system of writing people in the future would not know anything from the past and also with the system of writing would last for thousands of years
In Sumerian religious practice what did priests do to try to please the gods?
They belived that their Gods had enorumus powers bringing either illness or good health and wealth :)
Scribes are people who write things down. They could be keeping records of anything that it was important to write down.
