Supernovae

Ok, a bunch of interstellar dust began to collect in a slightly hotter region of the solar system. The gravitational attraction between these particles began to draw them closer and closer to each other. Since the density near the center of the cloud was constantly increasing, the kinetic energy of the cloud also increased. The outer parts of the dust cloud began to spiral around the center. Eventually, the gas in the center became so hot and dense that it condensed to form our sun, fusing its hydrogen particles into helium. The outer rings of space dust then began to condense at other key points around the sun, maintaining their orbital velocity but being held at a constant distance by the star's gravitational pull. These clouds of dust eventually condensed to form the planets and the asteroid belt. This explains why all the orbital paths of the planets are within a few degrees of the same plane. As for galaxies, just extrapolate that explanation to the next level, replacing the dust particles with stars. Mind-blowingly simple, right?

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All the elements of the periodic table apart from hydrogen and helium are synthesised in the explosion of a supernova.

An interstellar cloud.

It's Called A Supernova

That is difficult to say, it is probable that they could be vaporized. Certainly as the stars mass changes (due to the material leaving the solar system in the explosion), their orbits will be radically modified.

Interestingly we have found planets orbiting Neutron Stars. This would indicate that either some of the planets survived the supernova (say their cores), or that a new planetary system formed afterwards.

Read the article in the link below.

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A lot would all depend on how far it was from it's parent star.

In most situations, the planet would be vaporized.

Hypernova

No, they are much smaller.

No. It is not massive enough. A star generally has to be at least 8 times the mass of the sun to go supernova and only stars 25 times the mass of the sun or more can form black holes. When the sun dies it will shed its outer layers in a series of gradual pulses and leave behind a white dwarf as a remnant.

The gases given off during a supernova disperse into space, contributing to the enrichment of the interstellar medium with elements synthesized in the star's core during the explosion. These gases can trigger the formation of new stars and planets in the future.

Might have been copper. Please see the link.

They originate from nuclear reactions, such as those that take place in a star, when cosmic rays hit atoms and in supernovae.

Supernovas have multiple uses, including producing heavy elements like gold and silver, dispersing these elements into space for future star formation, and creating shockwaves that trigger the collapse of nearby gas clouds to form new stars. They also release vast amounts of energy and radiation that can be studied to better understand the life cycle of massive stars and the evolution of galaxies.