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Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical work which leads to the macroscopic properties such as temperature, volume, and pressure. Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory to study the thermodynamic behavior of systems of a large number of particles.
1,125 Questions
What happens when the person's work and heat output is greater than the energy consumed?
When a person's work and heat output exceeds the energy consumed, it implies that they have generated surplus energy. This surplus energy can either be stored for future use or dissipated as waste heat, depending on the system's design and constraints. Overall, it indicates a case of energy efficiency and potentially increased productivity.
The laws of thermodynamics state that whenever energy?
In any process energy is conserved, i.e. it is neither created nor destroyed; it just changes form.
In any process some energy will be lost as heat; you can't convert all energy from a source into useful work.
How does the second law of thermodynamics play a part in other parts of your life?
The second law of thermodynamics relates to everyday life by explaining why things tend to become more disordered over time. For example, it explains why a room becomes messier if left unattended. In practical terms, it also underlies various processes like cooking, the functioning of engines, and the overall direction of natural processes towards greater disorder.
Heat transfer can be stopped or reduced by using insulation materials such as foam, fiberglass, or aerogel. Insulation works by slowing down the movement of heat through conduction, convection, and radiation. Additionally, creating a vacuum or using materials with low thermal conductivity can also effectively stop heat transfer.
How do the laws of thermodynamics affect climate change?
The laws of thermodynamics tell us to expect observable changes when we perturb (change) the inputs or conditions of the environment in this case, the earth. What we put into the air, how we change the surface through logging and agriculture, and what we dump into the ocean can all wind up altering the climate if they provide a big enough change. The laws of thermodynamics tell us that factors that as changes occur in factors that influence climate, the equilibrium state will shift. What it will shift TO is still up for debate. This despite all the claims by the nay-sayers that humans have no effect on the environment and by doom-sayers that we already can predict climate change accurately enough to know what changes we must or must not make in order to assure the climate we think is optimal.
As an example: increased anthropogenic (i.e. caused by humans) CO2 can cause an increase in the greenhouse effect - or it could stimulate more plant growth - or it could cause increasing acidity of the rain - or change the pH of the ocean - OR - some combination of the above to greater or lesser degrees as well as other effects . This might mean increased melting of polar ice caps, changes in wind patterns, suppression or stimulation of growth of different organisms, increasing rainfall in some areas with decreased rain in others and, of course, changes in the average temperature in different areas.
Often the effects are difficult to predict only apparent after the fact and even then it remains open to debate. As an example - we know that the arctic ice pack seems to have shrunk significantly over the past 20 years. A large chunk of part of the Antarctic ice has has also apparently thinned - BUT - most of the Antarctic ice has thickened considerably; it seems to have thickened enough to offset the loss of ice elsewhere so that global sea levels have remained relatively constant. It represents a new equilibrium but not one that most global climate models can account for. Since the models don't reproduce that effect, they may not be reliable at predicting a tipping point where that Antarctic ice might melt like the Arctic ice and actually produce the rising sea levels we are often warned about.
Predators are generally less abundant than their prey because energy is lost as it moves up the food chain due to the inefficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy transformations are never 100% efficient, and some energy is always lost as heat. As a result, predators have to consume more prey to obtain enough energy, leading to lower predator abundance compared to their prey.
What causes entropy to change when a solute dissolves in a solvent?
The solute becomes less ordered. (apex)
Which information shows the longest wavelength?
Radio waves have the longest wavelength among the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from about 1 millimeter to over 100 kilometers.
What does Ka value of approximately 1 show about the equilibrium?
It would mean that at equilibrium approximately half of the acid had dissociated. Normally strong acids are defined as having a Ka >1 and weak acids Ka <1. At exactly 1 you would have something right on the border between the two.
On what principle do most thermometers work?
As the temperature of the liquid in the thermometer gets hotter, the molecules move faster. As the molecules move faster, they produce greater pressure. The only free surface is the top. This greater pressure causes the liquid to expand, causing the liquid to rise in the thermometer.
A. When liquid absorbs heat it loses kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy = ½ * mass * velocity^2
When a liquid absorbs heat, the molecules move faster. Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity of the molecules. So, since the molecules are moving faster, the liquid gains KE.
B As the temperature rises, the molecules in liquid move more slowly.
Temperature is the measure of the average Kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Let's determine what causes the temperature to rise. Suppose you half fill a small metal can with 50º F water, and place it in a pan with 120ºF water in it. The molecules of the 120ºF water are moving very fast. They collide with the atoms in the outer surface of metal can, making these atoms vibrate faster. As these atoms vibrate faster, hitting the atoms in the inside of the metal can harder, the atoms inside vibrate faster. These atoms in the inside of the metal can hit the molecules of the 50º F water, making these water molecules move faster. Since the water molecules of the 50º F water are now moving faster (greater velocity), they have more kinetic energy. So, the temperature of the water in the can is getting warmer. It is a chain reaction.
C kinetic energy causes temperature?
Temperature measures the kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy = ½ * mass * velocity^2
Kinetic energy measures the mass and velocity of atoms and molecules.
When the atoms are moving faster the temperature is higher.
What law of thermodynamics states that some useful energy is lost in a reaction?
because partly will be emissed to the environment, which cant be reused. For more information refer to sustainability studies, which are looking, among other things, how heat directed to the environment can be minimised
Which law of thermodynamics relates to a system reaching o degrees k?
A classical formulation by Nernst (actually a consequence of the Third Law) is:
It is impossible for any process, no matter how idealized, to reduce the entropy of a system to its absolute-zero value in a finite number of operations.
Latent heat of fusion for ice is 79.8calgram how much ice can be melted with 1000 calories of heat?
To find out how much ice can be melted, divide the total calories of heat by the latent heat of fusion.
Amount of ice melted = 1000 calories / 79.8 cal/gram ≈ 12.56 grams
Therefore, 1000 calories of heat can melt approximately 12.56 grams of ice.
How many joules of work are done when a force of 1 n moves a book 2m?
Exactly 2.6 joules for each meter that you keep pushing it.
If the book doesn't move, then there's no work.
The First Law of Thermodynamics:
(Conservation) Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another.
The second law of Thermodynamics:
In all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state. This is also commonly referred to as entropy.
I would imagine that energy flows through a rain forest - as it does in any other location!
What is the definition of diathermal wall in thermodynamics?
A diathermal wall is a boundary between two systems that allows heat transfer to occur between them. This means that energy in the form of heat can pass through the diathermal wall, allowing the systems to exchange thermal energy. In contrast, an adiabatic wall does not allow heat transfer.
There is a small problem with the question: if you increase the temperature of saturated steam without increasing pressure, it will no longer be saturated - it will be superheated. With this in mind, it should be no surprise that the device that does this is normally called a "superheater". The picture accompanying this question is an example of a superheater.
How is the derivation of 1st law of thermodynamics?
It was originally based on observation. Nowadays it is derived from Noether's Theorem. In summary, it is related to the fact that the laws of physics don't change over time. Noether's Theorem uses some fairly advanced math; but if you want to investigate, you can get some initial information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether's_Theorem
It was originally based on observation. Nowadays it is derived from Noether's Theorem. In summary, it is related to the fact that the laws of physics don't change over time. Noether's Theorem uses some fairly advanced math; but if you want to investigate, you can get some initial information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether's_Theorem
It was originally based on observation. Nowadays it is derived from Noether's Theorem. In summary, it is related to the fact that the laws of physics don't change over time. Noether's Theorem uses some fairly advanced math; but if you want to investigate, you can get some initial information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether's_Theorem
It was originally based on observation. Nowadays it is derived from Noether's Theorem. In summary, it is related to the fact that the laws of physics don't change over time. Noether's Theorem uses some fairly advanced math; but if you want to investigate, you can get some initial information here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether's_Theorem
Is the study of thermodynamics concerned primarily with microscopic or macroscopic processes?
Thermodynamics is primarily concerned with macroscopic processes, such as heat and work interactions at the system level. While thermodynamics does build upon concepts from statistical mechanics for a microscopic understanding, its main focus is on the overall behavior of systems rather than individual particles.
The symbol that represents a gas expanding against a constant pressure in the first law of thermodynamics is "w" which represents the work done by the gas.
Which law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy applied to thermal systems?
The first law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy applied to thermal systems, stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed in a system.
If a reaction (or let's just say an object(the system)) is exothermic, it releases heat(exo means exit) into the surroundings. Because the heat leaves the system, the temperature of the object decreases and the surrounding get hotter. Conversely, if a system (an object or reaction) is endothermic, the object absorbs heat, increasing its own temperature and taking in heat from the surroundings, making the surroundings drop in temperature. Also, the energy of the universe is constant, but the entropy (measure of chaos in the world) is increasing. This heat we spoke of, lost or gained, is energy in the form of heat. However, conservation of energy still holds true because the heat isn't completely lost or added, but rather just transferred to different systems and surroundings.
Which thermodynamic law has to do with entropy?
The second law of thermodynamics is closely related to entropy, stating that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. This law provides a direction for natural processes, indicating that systems tend to move towards higher entropy states.
Is stone exothermic or endothermic?
It depends on the situation. Suppose the stone is placed in a cup of hot water. It is now endothermic because it absorbs some of the heat. But if it is placed in a cup of frigid water, it is exothermic because it will release some of its heat as it drops in temperature.
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Endothermic or exothermic are terms used for processes, phenomenons, reactions not for materials.
Even though dissolving some ionic solids is an endothermic process (requires energy input), it is still thermodynamically possible due to the increase in entropy that occurs when the solid breaks apart into individual ions in solution. The increase in entropy favors the dissolution process, even if it requires energy input to overcome the lattice energy holding the solid together.
