Direct colonialism refers to a situation where a foreign power maintains control over a territory through the use of a local administration and military presence. Indirect colonialism involves exerting influence and control over a territory through economic, social, and political means without establishing a significant physical presence.

Nationalism grew in colonies because people in these regions were seeking to assert their own identities and independence from colonial rule. As a result, nationalism became a driving force behind anti-colonial movements as people united around a common national identity to resist colonial domination and control. This sense of shared national identity provided a powerful motivation for colonies to fight for their freedom and autonomy.

Imperialistic policies refer to a nation's actions that aim to expand its influence, control, and dominance over other territories or countries through political, economic, or military means. These policies often involve exploiting resources, imposing governance structures, and exerting cultural influence on the colonized or occupied territories. Imperialistic policies have historically led to conflicts, exploitation, and the loss of autonomy for the impacted regions.

Key figures involved in US imperialism include presidents such as William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson, as well as influential figures like John Hay and Alfred Thayer Mahan. These individuals were instrumental in promoting and implementing policies that expanded American influence and control in regions such as the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Pacific.

1. Economic exploitation: Imperial powers sought to extract resources such as oil, minerals, and agricultural products from Nigeria for their own benefit.
2. Strategic interests: Nigeria's geographic location and natural resources made it a prime target for imperial powers seeking to expand their influence and control in Africa.
3. Cultural and religious superiority: Some imperial powers believed in the civilizing mission, viewing their presence in Nigeria as a way to spread their culture and religious beliefs.
4. Political dominance: Imperial powers aimed to control Nigeria's government and institutions to further their own political agendas and gain power in the region.
5. Colonization and expansion: The desire for territorial expansion drove some imperial powers to colonize Nigeria, viewing it as a way to increase their land holdings and influence in Africa.

1. Economic gain: Access to new markets, resources, and cheap labor.
2. Nationalism: Desire for power, prestige, and influence on a global scale.
3. Strategic reasons: Control of key territories for military and geopolitical advantage.
4. Civilizing mission: Belief in spreading values, culture, and civilization to "inferior" nations.
5. Competition with other colonial powers: Rivalry to establish colonies and dominance.
6. Social Darwinism: Ideology of superiority and belief in the right to conquer and dominate others.

Social Darwinism, which applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, provided a justification for imperialistic actions by suggesting that stronger nations had a right to dominate weaker ones. This ideology reinforced the idea that some races and cultures were superior to others, thus justifying the expansion of empires in the name of progress and civilization. Ultimately, it fueled a sense of superiority and entitlement among imperial powers, driving them to seize territories and resources around the world.

Considering the interests of colonized people helps ensure equitable and just treatment, fostering greater stability and cooperation. Ignoring their interests can lead to resistance, unrest, and conflicts, undermining the effectiveness and sustainability of colonial policies in the long run. Prioritizing the well-being and autonomy of colonized populations can ultimately benefit both them and the imperialist powers by promoting mutual respect and cooperation.

Imperialism is like the bully on the playground who dictates when and which groups are allowed to play, and maintains control by recruiting followers willing to help enforce those rules.

The concept of the white man's burden was used in the late 19th century to justify imperialism by suggesting that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize and uplift the so-called "inferior" peoples of colonized regions. This ideology was used to mask and legitimize the exploitation and subjugation of indigenous populations in the name of progress and humanitarianism.

In "To the Person Sitting in Darkness," Mark Twain criticizes imperialists for promoting and justifying colonization and exploitation in the name of spreading civilization and Christianity. He exposes the hypocrisy and violence of imperialism, highlighting the suffering it causes to the colonized people. Twain argues that imperialism is a self-serving endeavor that benefits the colonizers at the expense of the oppressed.

Beveridge was for Imperialism while Twain was against imperialism

Herbert Spencer stated that the strongest civilizations would conquer the weak.

Lenin argued that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism, where monopolies and finance capital dominated, leading to the exploitation and oppression of colonies. He believed that imperialism would ultimately lead to the downfall of capitalism and the emergence of socialism. By integrating imperialism into Marx's analysis of capitalism, Lenin saw his view as an extension rather than a contradiction of Marxism.

Mark Twain used satire to criticize imperialism because it allowed him to convey his message in a humorous and ironic way. Through satire, Twain could highlight the absurdity and negative consequences of imperialism, making his points more engaging and impactful to readers. By satirizing the actions and attitudes of imperialists, Twain effectively exposed the harmful effects of colonization on the colonized people and challenged the justification of imperialistic practices.

In his "To the Person Sitting In Darkness" Twain is showing the immoral path America has set itself on by trying to establish an empire similar to those of European governments of the time. He despises the path of brutality and inhumanity that the Americans have set for themselves as their nations policy in dealing with inferior races both in their own country (the aboriginal population) but also China and the Philippines also disparages the role of churches and their missionaries in the spread of the American dream in foreign countries on the pretext of spreading the Christian religion. The satire he uses is similar to, but much more overt, than Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"

Some of the negative effects of colonialism in India included economic exploitation, cultural erasure, political oppression, and social division. The British East India Company profited from Indian resources, leading to poverty and famine. Indian traditions and languages were suppressed, and the caste system was reinforced. Independence movements were brutally suppressed, leading to deep divides in society that still exist today.

Kipling attempted to justify new imperialism by asserting the moral responsibility of Western powers to civilize and uplift the "less developed" societies they encountered. He popularized the idea of the "White Man's Burden," arguing that it was the duty of advanced nations to bring progress and order to the rest of the world.

Many modern scholars view Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" as a prime example of imperialist attitudes towards colonized peoples. The poem reflects the paternalistic belief that it was the duty of the white colonizers to civilize and uplift the native populations, while ignoring the harmful effects of colonization on indigenous cultures and societies. Critics argue that the poem perpetuates racist stereotypes and justifies European imperialism.

In "War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells, the Martians colonize Earth by invading it with their superior technology, such as tripods and heat rays, which the humans are defenseless against. They use these weapons to destroy cities and decimate the human population, asserting their dominance and claiming Earth for themselves.

"The War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells can be seen as an allegory for imperialism because it explores themes of domination, colonization, and the consequences of one society imposing its will on another. The invading Martians represent the imperial powers of Europe, while the helpless humans symbolize the colonized peoples. Through the destruction wrought by the Martians, Wells critiques the destructive nature of imperialism and its impact on both the colonizers and the colonized.

In 'Heart of Darkness', the European characters constantly say that the Africans are evil and savage. By the end of the book, Conrad demonstrates that it is the Europeans in the book who commit evil and inhumane acts.

Colonization refers to the process by which a foreign power establishes control over a territory, often exploiting its resources and imposing its own culture and institutions on the indigenous population. It typically involves establishing settlements, political control, economic dominance, and social changes in the colonized region.

What happened as a result of European exploration of north America's east coast?

it lead Europeans to begin colonies on the coast.