For other uses of the name Mercedes, see
Mercedes.
Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. It is currently a division of the parent company, Daimler AG (formerly DaimlerChrysler AG), after previously being owned by Daimler-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has its origins in Karl Benz's creation of the first petrol-powered motorcycle in January 1886,[1] and by Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a 1873 Bollée steam-engine automobile by the addition of a petrol engine the same year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[1] Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that have become common in other vehicles several years later.[2]
History
Trademark origins
The newly created automobile company, Mercedes-Benz also needed a new image symbolizing their enterprise union. Their iconic three-pointed star is pervasive and unmistakably recognized around the world. But its design has evolved in many ways since the company merged in 1926. One early logo was trademarked in the United States on Friday, August 16, 1929. An application was filed for Mercedes-Benz by Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft of Berlin, Germany with the USPTO. Their application was filed in the primary class of non-metallic building materials and provide a description that included, "automotive vehicles, as follows: passenger cars and freight trucks; parts of and accessories to said vehicles…"
The drawing design
Mercedes-Benz logo is a registered trademark at the
USPTO, and owned by
Daimler AG
The design of the Mercedes-Benz signature logo was described by the USPTO with three aspects, 1) Stars with three points (Celestial bodies, natural phenomena, Geographical maps — Stars, comets), 2) Garlands, wreaths, bands, borders or frames made of plants (Plants — Decorations made of plants), and 3) Circular or elliptical seals (Heraldry, flags, crowns, crosses, arrows, and symbols — Seals).
Daimler-Benz elaborates on their use of the new logo and its representations in their 1928 application. Based upon their description, it appears they combined design elements from each automobile company to create a new logo reflecting each company's legacy. They stated that the trademark was applied to goods in their business since October of 1926 with the trademark, "having been used in the business of the applicant's predecessors and in the business of applicant, continuously since the following dates. The word Mercedes since December 1900; the word Benz since July 1896; the representation of a three-pointed star since June 27, 1909, the representation of a wreath of laurel since September, 1909."[3] In their U.S. trademark application, Daimler-Benz stated that their trademark was registered in Germany on the 28th day of August, 1928 with an application date of August 21, 1926.
U.S. trademark registration was granted on July 28, 1931. It's current status is registered and renewed with the latest owner listed as Daimler AG of Stuttgart, Germany.[4]
Business alliances
Studebaker-Packard
In 1958, Mercedes-Benz entered into a distribution agreement with the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (USA), makers of Studebaker and Packard brand automobiles. Under the deal, Studebaker would allow Mercedes-Benz access to their U.S. dealer network, handle shipments of vehicles to those dealers, and in return receive compensation for each car sold. Studebaker also was permitted to use the German automaker's name in its advertisements, which stressed Studebaker's quality over quantity.
When Studebaker entered into informal discussions with Franco-American automaker Facel Vega about offering their Facel Vega Excellence model in the United States, Mercedes-Benz objected to the proposal. Studebaker, which needed Mercedes-Benz distribution payments to help stem heavy losses, dropped further action on the plan.
Mercedes-Benz maintained an office within the Studebaker works in South Bend from 1958 to 1963, when Studebaker's U.S. operations ceased. Many U.S Studebaker dealers converted to Mercedes-Benz dealerships at that time. When Studebaker closed its Canadian operation and left the automobile business in 1966, remaining Studebaker dealers had the option to convert their dealerships to Mercedes-Benz dealership agreements.
Subsidiaries
Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH is an independent subsidiary based in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, founded in 2000. Its business include car accessories, personal accessories, Collection and promotional items, and product design.[5]
Mercedes-Benz AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1998.[6] The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999,[7] and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1999-01-01.[8]
Mercedes-Benz is currently owned by Daimler AG. Germany.
Quality rankings
Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had maintained a reputation for its quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles - such as J.D. Power surveys, demonstrated a downturn in reputation in this criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J.D. Power.[9] In J.D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place, surpassing quality leader Toyota, and earning several awards for its models.[10] For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, now in fourth place.[11] On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant.[11] As of 2009, Consumer Reports of the United States has changed their reliability ratings for several Mercedes-Benz vehicles to "average", and are recommending the E-Class and the S-Class.[12]
Corporate average fuel economy
In the United States, due to an inability to meet federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations, Mercedes-Benz was fined a record US$30.66 million in 2009.[13] Certain Mercedes-Benz cars including the S550, C63 AMG, and SLK55 AMG sold in the United States also face an additional gas guzzler tax.[14]
In 2008 Mercedes had the worst CO2 average of all major European manufacturers, ranking 14th out of 14 manufacturers[15]. Mercedes was also the worst manufacturer in 2007 and 2006 in terms of average CO2 levels, with 181 and 188 g of CO2/km respectively[16].
Production
Besides its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in:
- Argentina (buses, trucks and the Sprinter van. The first Mercedes-Benz factory outside of Germany)[17]
- Austria (G-Class)[18]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil[19] (buses, trucks, C-class passenger cars (export only), established in 1956)
- Canada
- Egypt[20]
- Ghana (buses, trucks, taxis)
- Hungary (construction of a new plant in the country announced on June 18, 2008, for the next generation A- and B-Class)[21][22]
- India[23]
- Indonesia[24]
- Iran
- Malaysia[25]
- Mexico
- Nigeria[26] (buses, trucks, utility motors and the van Sprinter)
- South Africa[27]
- South Korea (Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100 models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company)
- Thailand (assembly of C, E and S class vehicles by the Thonburi Group)[28]
- Turkey[29]
- United Kingdom (The SLR sports car is built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking).Brackley, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom Mercedes Grand Prix Factory
- USA The Mercedes-Benz M-Class Sport Utility, the R-Class Sport Tourer, and the full-sized GL-Class Luxury Sport Utility Vehicle are all built at the Mercedes-Benz production facility near Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[30]
Models
Mercedes-Benz range today
Mercedes-Benz has a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Production is on a global basis. The Smart marque of city cars has also been part of the Mercedes-Benz Group since 1994.
Passenger cars
The following passenger vehicles were in production in 2009:
Significant car models produced
McLaren cars
A silver SLR McLaren on display at the 2006 European Motor Show in Brussels
Mercedes-Benz has also produced a limited-production sports car with McLaren Cars, an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One racing team, which is part owned by Mercedes. The 2003 Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren has a carbon fibre body with a 5.4 litre V8 supercharged engine. This is the same cylinder block as featured in SL55 AMG and the CLS55 AMG, though modified to give 460 kilowatts (625 PS; 617 bhp) and 780 newton metres (575 ft·lbf) of torque. The SLR has a maximum speed of 337 kilometres per hour (209.4 mph) and costs approximately US$500,000. Due to European pedestrian-protection regulations, McLaren decided to cease production of the SLR in 2009.[31]
Car nomenclature
In 1994 (starting with the 1994 models), the traditional nomenclature of Mercedes-Benz vehicles changed. Since the early days of the company, the name would be in the form of (for example) 500E where the engine displacement made up the first three numbers and the last letter(s) represented the type of engine and/or chassis; for example: E for fuel injection (German: Einspritzung), D for Diesel, L for long-wheelbase, etcetera.
In 1994, this was altered so that the prefix reflected the model or Class, German: Klasse, in Mercedes-Benz terminology, and a number for the engine displacement. The suffix was retained in some cases, for example L for long wheelbase, and CDI for Diesel (CDI = Common-rail Direct Injection). Thus, the 500E in the example above became the E500 ("E-Klasse", 5 litres displacement). It should also be noted that while in the past the model number generally accurately reflected the actual engine displacement, this is currently not always the case — for example the E200 CDI and E220 CDI actually both have a 2.2 litre displacement, and the C240 actually has a 2.6 litre engine.
Electric vehicles
At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car - which combined hybrid drive with the innovative DiesOtto engine.[32][33] On the other hand, Mercedes-Benz says it will have a demonstration fleet of practical, if small, electric vehicles on the road in two to three years, from 2008.[34] Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID[35] will be launched in 2009, and will be the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium-ion battery.[36][37] In 2009, the S400 hybrid saloon is scheduled to go on sale.[38]
Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO cars were introduced in the 2009 North American International Auto Show.[39][40] Mercedes has showed in 2009 the Vision S500 PHEV petrol concept vehicle with a 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO2 emissions of 74 grams/km in the New European Driving Cycle.[41]
Concept models
Interior of the Ocean Drive Concept
Buses
Mercedes-Benz also produces buses, mainly for Europe and Asia.
The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which were modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo. Today, it builds buses, trucks and the Sprinter van.
Vans
Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans.
- The current (January 2009) range consists of
- Previous models include
Trucks
Mercedes-Benz is one of the world's largest manufacturer of trucks.[citation needed]
- The current (January 2009) range consists of
- Old
Mercedes-Benz L-series truck
Bicycles
Accessories GmbH introduced 3 new bicycles in 2005, named Automatic Bike from upwards of USD$699, Fitness Bike from upwards of USD$999, Mountain Bike from upwards of USD$1399 (Prices recorded from immediate release date).[42] The bikes are sold in Australia,[43] Germany, and Russia.[44]
- List of bicycles
Motorsport
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1957 Mercedes-Benz 300Sc Cabriolet
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1959 Mercedes-Benz W120 Model 180
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The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories - both had entries in the very first automobile race Paris to Rouen 1894. This has continued, and throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s, and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300SLR collided with another car and killed more than 80 spectators. Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), and Formula One with Sauber.
The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase British engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC/CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 1990s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class.
Mercedes-Benz is currently active in three forms of motorsport, Formula Three, DTM and Formula One.
Formula 1
In Formula One, the company part-owns Team McLaren, and has supplied the team with engines engineered by Ilmor[45] since 1995. This partnership has brought success, including Drivers Championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999, and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a Constructors Championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren has been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren.
In 2007 Mercedes was slapped a record $100 Million fine for stealing confidential Ferrari technical data[46].
In 2009, Ross Brawn's newly conceived Formula One team, Brawn GP used Mercedes engines to help win the Constructor's Championship, and Jenson Button to become champion in the F1 Drivers' Championship. It also sold back its 40% stake in McLaren to the McLaren Group and now owns 70% of the Brawn GP team jointly with an Abu Dubai based investment consortium. Brawn GP will be renamed Mercedes Grand Prix in 2010.
Tuners
Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to increase performance and/or luxury to a given model.
In house
AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specialising in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built,[47] and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999.[48] On the 2009 IAA in Frankfurt, Germany, Mercedes officially introduced the SLS AMG, a revival of the 300SL Gullwing, and the first car to be developed by AMG.
Aftermarket tuners
There are numerous independent tuners:
Noted employees (selection)
Innovations
Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including:
- The internal combustion engined automobile was developed independently by Benz and Daimler & Maybach in 1886
- Daimler invented the honeycomb radiator of the type still used on all water-cooled vehicles today
- Daimler invented the float carburetor which was used until replaced by fuel injection
- The "drop chassis" - the car originally designated the "Mercedes" by Daimler was also the first car with a modern configuration, having the carriage lowered and set between the front and rear wheels, with a front engine and powered rear wheels. All earlier cars were "horseless carriages", which had high centres of gravity and various engine/drive-train configurations
- The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924)[51]
- The "safety cage" or "safety cell" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint[52][verification needed]
- In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration
- Traction control and airbags in the European market, were Mercedes-Benz innovations.[citation needed] These technologies were introduced in 1986, and 1980 respectively
- Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pre-tensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, removing any 'slack' in the belt, which prevents the occupant from jerking forward in a crash
- In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first seven-speed automatic transmission called '7G-Tronic'
- Electronic Stability Programme (ESP), brake assist,[53] and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars—first—by Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz has not made a large fuss about its innovations, and has even licensed them for use by competitors — in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety. As a result, crumple zones and anti-lock brakes (ABS) are now standard on all modern vehicles.[52][verification needed]
- The most powerful naturally-aspirated eight cylinder engine in the world is the Mercedes-AMG, 6208 cc M156 V8 engine. The V8 engine is badged '63 AMG', and replaced the '55 AMG' M113 engine in most models. The M156 engine produces up to 391 kW (532 PS; 524 bhp), and although some models using this engine do have this output (such as the S63 and CL63 AMGs), specific output varies slightly across other models in the range[54]
- The (W211) E320 CDI which has a variable geometry turbocharger (VTG) 3.0 litre V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224-horsepower), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time, with an average speed of 224.823 kilometres per hour (139.70 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 kilometres (62,137 mi) and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run, their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved).[55]
- Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash - and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations, and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position.
- Mercedes Benz developed a fatigue-detection system, known as Attention Assist, that warns the driver when they are displaying signs of micro-sleep (when the eyes stay closed for slightly longer than a natural blinking action). The system will use a variety of data including the individual driving style, the duration of the journey, the time of day and the current traffic situation. Fatigue mostly sets in gradually.[56]
Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes-Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards [51]
Robot cars
Main article:
Driverless carIn the 1980s, Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr Universität München.[57] Partially encouraged by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly 800 million Euros. A culmination point was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns' re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark, and back. On highways, the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph) (roughly 110 miles per hour; permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn). The car's abilities has heavily influenced robot car research and funding decisions worldwide.
References
- ^ a b Edmunds.com - Mercedes-Benz History
- ^ http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2005/03/11/010089.html
- ^ http://www.trademarkia.com/mercedes-benz-71288586.html
- ^ http://www.trademarkia.com/mercedes-benz-71288586.html
- ^ Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH founded
- ^ Behind the Scenes: Mercedez-Benz AMG
- ^ Mercedes-AMG: unique, top-quality model line-up is popular worldwide
- ^ The history of Mercedes-AMG GmbH
- ^ Business Week, November 2006
- ^ J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Ford Motor Company Captures Most Awards in 2007 Initial Quality Study
- ^ a b 2008 Initial Quality Study | J.D. Power and Associates
- ^ "Reliability trends, reliability findings". Consumerreports.org. 2009-03-24. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/used-cars/reliability/best-worst-in-car-reliability-1005/reliability-findings/reliability-findings.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Huge fine for Mercedes-Benz for poor fuel efficiency by Jeremy Korzeniewski on Jan 8th 2009, AutoblogGreen
- ^ http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/guzzler/420b08016.pdf
- ^ "Car company CO2 Report for 2008". Transport & Environment. http://www.transportenvironment.org/Publications/prep_hand_out/lid:549. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ "Car company CO2 Report for 2007". Transport & Environment. http://www.transportenvironment.org/Publications/prep_hand_out/lid/513. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ /// Mercedes-Benz Argentina ///
- ^ Going, Going, Graz | Automotive Industries | Find Articles at BNET
- ^ DaimlerChrysler
- ^ Mercedes-Benz Egypt - Passenger cars NG
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz Plant Kecskemét". Daimler-Benz. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-8792-1-1207457-1-0-0-0-0-0-91-7155-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ "Germany: Daimler Selects Plant Site". New York Times. 2008-06-19. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/19/business/worldbusiness/19fobriefs-DAIMLERSELEC_BRF.html?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Mercedes-Benz India - Passenger Cars Homepage
- ^ Mercedes-Benz Indonesia - Passenger Cars homepage
- ^ DaimlerChrysler Malaysia
- ^ Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company Ltd
- ^ South Africa's automotive industry - SouthAfrica.info
- ^ "Thonburi Group:Serving the Thai market for more than six decades". http://www.thonburi.com/thonburigroup_en.php. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş
- ^ http://mbusi.com/pages/products_home.asp
- ^ Automobile Magazine
- ^ Mercedes vehicles at the 2007 Frankfurt show
- ^ A hybrid drives Mercedes concept
- ^ Mercedes sees electric-car progress - USATODAY.com
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID: CO2 Champion in the Luxury Class with Efficient Hybrid Drive System and Lithium-Ion Technology | Daimler > Brands & Products > News". Daimler AG. 2008-09-17. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-633234-1-1129030-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7163-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-02-29). "Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid, first production lithium ion hybrid". AutoBlogGreen.com. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/02/29/mercedes-benz-s400-bluehybrid-first-production-lithium-ion-hybr/. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Mercedes enters the hybrid game - the S400 BlueHybrid". AutoUnleashed.com. http://www.autounleashed.com/mercedes-enters-the-hybrid-game-the-s400-bluehybrid. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ 2007 IAA Report - S-Class hybrid
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz Concept BlueZERO: Modular Drive Concept for Electric Vehicles | Daimler > Technology & Innovation > News". Daimler AG. 2008-12-15. http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1160703-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz BlueZero Concept (2009) with pictures and wallpapers". NetCarShow.com. http://www.netcarshow.com/mercedes-benz/2009-bluezero_concept/. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "The Ultimate Posting on Plug-In Hybrid Developments: Clip & Save". Calcars.org. http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1072.html. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
- ^ Mercedes-Benz presents the innovative Automatic Bike
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Ilmor: Bowmen of the Silver Arrows". Atlasf1.autosport.com. http://atlasf1.autosport.com/2001/jan03/tytler.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ "FIA: $100M fine handed to Mercedes". FIA. http://www.fia.com/mediacentre/Press_Releases/FIA_Sport/2007/September/130907-02.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Mercedes-Benz Ireland - New cars - AMG
- ^ History of AMG
- ^ "The official Formula 1 website". Formula1.com. 1911-06-24. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/268/. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Enciclopedia Britannica
- ^ a b Magazine
- ^ a b Mercedes-Benz Safety Innovations
- ^ Mercedes Introduces PRE-SAFE Brake Safety System Posted on June 22, 2006, The Unofficial Mercedes-Benz Weblog
- ^ Mercedes-AMG 6.2-litre V8 Engine : News & Reports : Motoring : Web Wombat
- ^ New Mercedes Diesel Engine Breaks World Endurance Record
- ^ "Fatigue at the wheel: Mercedes-Benz developing warning system for motorists", The Auto Channel, November 21, 2006.
- ^ Highlights of robot car history with emphasis on S-Class robot car of 1995 by Ernst Dickmanns
External links
- Video clips
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