Microscopes

The highest magnification microscope generally used to study cells is the electron microscope, which can magnify objects up to 2 million times. This type of microscope allows for very detailed imaging of cell structures and organelles that are not visible with lower magnification microscopes.

Objects appear larger and more detailed in a microscope due to magnification of the image. Light passing through the object is refracted and focused by lenses in the microscope, allowing for increased resolution and visibility of fine details. Magnification and resolution together contribute to the enhanced clarity of the object's features when viewed under a microscope.

The hole in the stage of a microscope allows light to pass through the specimen being observed. This is necessary for proper illumination and clear viewing of the specimen. It also allows the objective lens to be positioned close to the specimen for better magnification and resolution.

It is the Coarse Adjustment, but only use it on Low Power.

The maximum magnification of an oil immersion light microscope is about 1000X. For this you need an expensive microscope and a skilled operator. The cheap microscopes may say 650X on the box but they just make a small blurry image into a large blurry image.

Using the adjustment knob at high or medium power can damage the lenses or specimen due to the sudden movement of the lens away from the specimen, as the depth of field is significantly reduced at higher magnifications. It is better to focus at low power first to bring the specimen into focus, then switch to higher magnification and use fine focus for adjustment.

Micro meaning extremely small and scope meaning to view. It has the ability to observe matter organisms and what have you, that we humans are unable to observe with the naked eye. It is useful because it helps medically, scientifically and which every way.

The microscope stage is typically moved up and down using the coarse focus knob located on the side of the microscope. This knob adjusts the distance between the objective lens and the specimen. On some microscopes, the stage itself can be manually adjusted for fine focusing.

Depending on the microscope the steps differ but assuming you are using a light microscope (the only microscope you will use before university). The microscope must be set to the lowest magnification with the stage set as far way as possible (the platform the sample is held on). Then using the coarse focus (the larger knob) bring the stage towards the lens while looking though the eye piece when the sample comes into focus use the fine focus knob (the smaller knob) to bring the image to optimum focus. When this is achieved increases the magnification (by changing to a stronger lens) and using fine focus continue to focus the image and keep repeating the steps till a max focus is achieved. If more information is need let me know as there are more complicated techniques but this should be enough for before a university level depending on what country you are in.

A blue filter only allows shorter wavelengths of light to pass. So, covering the light source of a light microscope with a blue filter shortens the wavelength of light passing through the objective.

Microscopes and telescopes are similar in that they both use lenses to magnify and enhance our ability to see objects that are too small or too far away to be seen with the naked eye. They rely on principles of optics to manipulate light in order to produce clearer and enlarged images.

The structure of the object and its surface characteristics, such as its texture and reflectivity, influence how it reflects light under a microscope. Substances that have a smooth and shiny surface will reflect light more effectively, while rough or opaque surfaces may scatter light, making it less visible under the microscope. An object's color and refractive index can also affect how it interacts with light when viewed through a microscope.

When carrying a microscope, you should hold it by the arm with one hand and support the base with the other hand to ensure a secure grip. This helps prevent the microscope from accidentally falling or being damaged while in transit.

Microscopes can use electron beams instead of light particles to examine a sample. Electron microscopes achieve higher magnification and resolution compared to optical microscopes due to the shorter wavelength of electrons.

In some cases, nothing can be seen through a microscope if the sample is too thick or dense for light to pass through effectively. Additionally, if the sample is not mounted properly or if the microscope is not focused correctly, it can also result in not being able to see anything. Proper sample preparation and microscope settings are important for clear visualization.

The shortest objective lens in a microscope is typically referred to as the scanning lens.

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) works by passing a beam of electrons through an ultra-thin sample, which interacts with the sample to produce an image. The electrons are focused and controlled by electromagnetic lenses to provide high resolution images of the sample's internal structure. This instrument is widely used in scientific research to study the microstructure of materials at the atomic level.

Fine focus adjustment is used to sharpen the focus on high-power magnification. This allows for precise and small adjustments to bring the image into sharp focus without causing significant changes in magnification.

The term that refers to the power of a microscope is "magnification." Magnification indicates the degree to which the image of an object is enlarged when viewed through a microscope, providing details that may not be visible to the naked eye.

the resolution (resolving power) of a microscope means its ability to distinguish two items at its highest magnification. the same goes for any other optical instrument. its like watching two lines which are extremely close to each other with unaided eye and then watching them with the microscope. with the unaided eye they will appear as one line. with the microscope they will appear distinct.

Microscopes use lenses to magnify small objects so they can be seen by the human eye. Light is directed onto the sample, which is then magnified by the lenses in the microscope to make the object appear larger and clearer. This allows scientists and researchers to study the details of tiny structures on a small scale.

There are several constructions that go under the general name "Atomic Microscope".
One is the atomic force microscope another is the atomic de Broglie microscope, yet another is the magnetic force microscope.
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is a very high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy, with demonstrated resolution of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The AFM is one of the foremost tools for imaging, measuring and manipulating matter at the nanoscale. The information is gathered by "feeling" the surface with a mechanical probe. Piezoelectric elements that facilitate tiny but accurate and precise movements on (electronic) command enable the very precise scanning. The AFM consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The cantilever is typically silicon or silicon nitride with a tip radius of curvature on the order of nanometers. When the tip is brought into proximity of a sample surface, forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever according to Hooke's law. Depending on the situation, forces that are measured in AFM include mechanical contact force, van der Waals forces, capillary forces, chemical bonding, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces (see magnetic force microscope, MFM), Casimir forces, solvation forces, etc.
The atomic de Broglie microscope is an imaging system which is expected to provide resolution at the nanometer scale. Atom optics using neutral atoms instead of light could provide resolution as good as the electron microscope and be completely non-destructive, because short wavelengths on the order of a nanometer can be realized at low energy of the probing particles. Currently, the atom-optic imaging systems are not competitive with electron microscopy and various methods of near-field probe. The main problem in the optics of atomic beams for an imaging system is the focusing element. There is no material transparent to the beam of low-energy atoms.

The first microscopes were called Light Microscopes, and they work by passing visible light through whatever specimen is being observed and then through the glass lenses of the microscope. The lenses refract the light and magnify the image of the specimen as it is projected into the eye. Modern microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light. There are two main type of Electron Microscopes: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). SEMs are used to observe the surface of a specimen, and TEMs are used to observe the internal structure of specimens.

Unlike the ocular and objective lenses, the condenser lens does not affect the magnifying power of the compound microscope The condenser can be moved up and down by a knob under the stage. A diaphragm within the condenser regulates the amount of light that reaches the slide.