Neuroscience

Microglia are the glial cells that monitor the health of neurons and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons.

Functional dissociation is a cognitive phenomenon where different brain regions specialize in specific tasks, often working independently or cooperatively. This allows for specialization of function and efficiency in processing complex information. It is a key concept in understanding how the brain processes information and governs behavior.

The amplitude is about +35 to +40 Millivolts

I believe this is incorrect, as this would only raise the resting membrane potential from -70mV to -35 or -40. An action potential needs to raise the membrane potential from -70 mV to +30 mV, so the amplitude needs to be 100 mV.

Enable neurons to excite or inhibit each other

The potassium ion (K+) plays a major role in determining the resting membrane potential of nerve and muscle cells. This is because these cells have a higher permeability to potassium ions than other ions, such as sodium ions. As a result, the movement of potassium ions out of the cell through potassium leak channels leads to the establishment and maintenance of the negative resting membrane potential.

An overdose of dopamine can occur due to excessive stimulation of dopamine receptors in the brain. This can be caused by certain medications, drug abuse (such as cocaine or amphetamines), or certain medical conditions like Parkinson's disease. Symptoms of dopamine overdose can include agitation, hallucinations, and elevated heart rate.

Yes, some quantity of energy is needed to maintain and develop resting potential of cell's membrane during the stages 1 and 2 of resting potential forming

Cell uses energy of ATP at these stages for sodium potassium pump to create difference in K and Na ion concentration inside the cell and outside. For transportation 2 ions of potassium inside and 3 sodium ions outside the cell one molecule of ATP is needed

The nervous system sends signals to the muscles to contract or relax in response to changing conditions to help maintain homeostasis. For example, when body temperature rises, the nervous system can signal the muscles to initiate sweating to cool down. The coordination between the two systems ensures the body can respond appropriately to internal and external changes for balance.

The sodium-potassium pump is mainly responsible for establishing and maintaining the resting potential of a neuron. It actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients, contributing to the overall negative membrane potential.

Dopamine has an inhibitory effect on the cells of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). Increased dopamine levels lead to decreased firing of GPi neurons, which ultimately results in decreased inhibition of the thalamus and increased movement initiation and execution.

The effects of dopamine on the brain can be mimicked by the drug levodopa: levodopa therapy is the mainstay of PD treatment in its early stages.

The structure responsible for nourishing and maintaining the entire neuron is called the glial cells, specifically astrocytes. Astrocytes provide support for neurons by regulating the surrounding environment, supplying nutrients, and helping with neurotransmitter recycling. They also play a role in repairing damage to neurons and forming the blood-brain barrier.

Dopamine receptor agonists are a type of medication that activate dopamine receptors in the brain. They are often used to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and hyperprolactinemia. By mimicking the effects of dopamine, these drugs help improve symptoms associated with these conditions.

Vestibular schwannoma, also known as acoustic neuroma, is a non-cancerous tumor that develops on the nerve responsible for balance and hearing, called the vestibulocochlear nerve. Symptoms can include hearing loss, tinnitus, imbalance, and in severe cases, facial weakness or numbness. Treatment options may include observation, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the tumor.

Surgery is nearly always necessary to treat vestibular schwannoma. There are several different types of surgery that are used to remove a vestibular schwannoma, classified by the anatomical pathway used to reach the tumor.

the brain,spinal cord and the nerves

No, beta-endorphins are natural hormones secreted by the pituitary gland that act as a powerful pain suppressant. They're the reason why people don't immediately feel the pain of severe trauma, such as losing a limb.

What you are thinking of are opiates(eg. heroin), which attach themselves to the same receptors in the brain as beta-endorphins do. Those are illegal.

Sympathetic nervous system, triggering the "fight or flight" response to help you respond to the threat. This activation leads to increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and heightened awareness to prepare the body to defend itself or escape the danger.

exhibit a resting potential that is more negative than the "threshold" potential

There are few specific treatments for motor neuron diseases, and efforts focus on reducing the symptoms of muscle spasm and pain while maintaining the highest practical level of overall health

When there is a potential difference between two points, such as from 1 potential to 0 potential, it means that there is a voltage drop of 1 unit in the direction from higher potential to lower potential. This difference in potential creates an electric field that can drive the flow of electric charge.

Yep! The sympathetic nervous system causes both vasoconstriction & vasodilation. During "fight or flight" you need more O2/blood delivered to your skeletal muscles. The SNS causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles. The other organs, of the body (like digestive organs) are not needed for "fight or flight" survival. The SNS causes vasoconstriction in these organs.

Some of the better known motor neuron diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). These diseases affect the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and impaired movement.