Neuroscience

Motor neuron diseases are a group of neurological conditions that affect the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. Examples include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. These diseases can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually loss of motor function.

Muscles of the legs are most often affected, leading to clumsiness, unstable gait, or lower limb paralysis. Muscle cramps and fasciculations (twitching) occur with most motor neuron diseases. Facial muscles may also be affected

Sympathetic stimulation results in renin secretion by the kidneys and causes a relaxation of the bladder. Accompanied by a constriction of the bladder sphincter, sympathetic stimulation tends to decrease urination and promote fluid retention.

Damage is due to nerve root compression. Only a very small compression will interrupt blood flow to a nerve cell, resulting in numbness or tingling. Pain occurs when the damaged nerve is irritated.

Action potentials cannot be generated during the absolute refractory period, as not enough ion channels are able to respond to the stimulus, no matter how large it is. Using Na+ fast channels as an example, during depolarization the "gate" of the channel is opened, allowing for Na+ influx into the cell. However, during the repolarization phase, a second "gate" marks the closure of the cell, preventing any further movement of ions into the cell. However, this also means that the channel is unable to open again until the second gate is removed, and the first gate returns back into place.

A synaspe.. something like that lol

dendrites -Apex

Yes, action potentials occur at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons. The myelin sheath insulates the axon, forcing the action potential to jump from node to node, a process known as saltatory conduction. This allows for faster conduction of the action potential along the axon.

the standard cell potential is the cell potential at standard conditions (25C , 1 atm , and 1M )

but the cell potential is the cell potential of the cell under a real condition and we use nernst equation .

i hope this is useful

Resting membrane potentials are typically negative, ranging from -40mV to -90mV. A positive resting membrane potential would be unusual and could indicate an abnormal cellular state or malfunction.

Serotonin dopamine antagonist (SDA)-- The newer second-generation antipsychotic drugs, also called atypical antipsychotics. SDAs include clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), and olanzapine (Zyprexa).

Neurons are the main cells that perform the function of transmitting electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system. They are specialized for communicating signals between different parts of the body.

Psychology is not a science. The psychologist Carl Jung use to get hammered by his critics because he wrote his theories on psychology in a scientific style. But psychology cannot be tested in a scientific way.

Yes, dopamine is converted into norepinephrine in the central nervous system by the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase. This conversion occurs mainly in noradrenergic neurons.

Myelinated axons propagate action potentials faster compared to unmyelinated axons. This is because the myelin sheath insulates the axon and helps the action potential "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next, a process called saltatory conduction.

The cause of excitatory post-synaptic potentials is the influx of sodium ions into the postsynaptic neuron. This influx of positive charge depolarizes the neuron, making it more likely to generate an action potential.

Dopamine receptor antagonists (DAs)-- The older class of antipsychotic medications, also called neuroleptics. These primarily block the site on nerve cells that normally receive the brain chemical dopamine.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline) are hormones that increase and prolong the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. They are released from the adrenal glands during the "fight or flight" response to stress and help prepare the body for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

in my opinion its because main aorta branch proceeds to left side(left arm), that's why we observe noticeable rythmic vibrations in left part. as it happens in main symptom of heart attack, left arm pain along with chest pain and vibrating left arm.

The parasympathetic nervous system decreases blood pressure by promoting relaxation and decreasing heart rate. It counters the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which increases blood pressure.

the glands that secrete dopamine are the hypothalamus and also the adrenal medulla. the dopamine secreted from the hypothalamus act as the lactrothrope inhibiting hormone and also known as cathecolamine

The inside membrane is negatively charged during the resting membrane potential, typically around -70mV. This is due to the uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane, with more negatively charged ions inside the cell compared to outside.

A nerve generates an action potential through a series of events involving the opening and closing of ion channels. Initially, a stimulus causes sodium channels to open, allowing an influx of sodium ions, depolarizing the cell membrane. This triggers the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a rapid depolarization phase and the propagation of the action potential along the nerve.

Hypocalcemia can lead to a prolongation of the cardiac action potential due to reduced calcium influx. This can result in an increased risk of arrhythmias, as well as potential impairment of cardiac muscle contractility.