Neuroscience

As the action potential passes an area on the axon, sodium channels are closed, preventing influx of more sodium ions. At the same time, voltage-sensitive potassium channels open, allowing the membrane potential to fall quickly. After this repolarization phase, membrane permeability to potassium remains high, allowing for the "afterhyperpolarization" phase.

During this entire period, while the sodium ion channels are forced closed, another action potential cannot be generated except by a much larger input signal.

This helps to prevent the action potential from moving backwards along the axon.

Yes, dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is naturally produced in the body. It is produced in several areas of the brain and plays a key role in reward-motivated behavior and motor control.

No, the adrenal cortex is not an extension of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex is the outer region of the adrenal gland that produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's fight or flight response.

According to a recent release (January 2011) from VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System) there is a slight trend toward an increase in the reports of febrile seizures in infants and toddlers that follow the TIV (trivalent influenza vaccines) vaccinations (like the 2010-2011 flu vaccine). A definite connection vs. coincidental findings has not yet been made, however, it is being watched closely. The VAERS report (see also links below) includes the following information:

Fluzone is the only influenza vaccine recommended for use for the 2010-2011 flu season in infants and children 6-23 months of age. These reported febrile seizures have primarily been seen in children younger than 2 years of age. Data from VAERS are preliminary and serve as a sign or indication that further investigation is warranted. Further investigations are under

way to assess whether there could be an association between influenza vaccination and febrile seizures, or if other factors could be involved.

FDA and CDC have seen no increase in VAERS reports of febrile seizures in people older than 2 years of age following vaccination with TIV, and no increase after live attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist, the nasal spray vaccine). In the cases reported, all children recovered and no lasting effects have been seen.

The risk of severe influenza illness is higher among young children, especially children under 2 years of age. Approximately 9 out of 10,000 children 6-23 months of age require hospitalization each season for reasons related to influenza. Flu vaccine is the best way to protect against becoming ill with the flu.

Recommendations for the use of flu vaccine in children have not changed. CDC recommends that all persons ages 6 months and older receive a flu vaccine each year.

All providers of health care in the US are required to report specific incidences of adverse events after vaccination whether determined to be due to or only occurring with or after the vaccine to the VAERS reporting system, so that all possible problems are being evaluated in real time. The guidance to providers of healthcare for reporting are:

The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) requires healthcare providers to report any adverse event that is listed by the vaccine manufacturer as being a contraindication (reason for not giving the child any further doses of the vaccine). The NCVIA also requires healthcare providers to report any adverse event that is listed in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Table of Reportable Events Following Vaccination if that event occurs within a specified time period after the child is vaccinated.

Healthcare providers are encouraged to report other clinically significant adverse events that follow immunization to VAERS even if they are unsure whether the event was caused by vaccine.

Febrile seizures occur in response to illnesses that cause fever. The CDC provides the following information:

'Febrile' means 'relating to a fever.' In some children, having a fever can bring on a seizure. During a febrile seizure, a child often has spasms or jerking movements-large or small-and may lose consciousness. Febrile seizures usually last only a minute or two. They are most common with fevers reaching 102°F (38.9°C) or higher but can also occur at lower temperatures or when a fever is going back down.

Febrile seizures can happen with any condition that causes a fever, including typical childhood illnesses like a cold, the flu, an ear infection, or roseola.

The CDC also provides this guidance in interpreting the VAERS data:

VAERS cannot usually determine cause-and-effect. VAERS accepts all reports without regard to whether or not the event was caused by the vaccine. The report of an adverse event to VAERS does not mean that a vaccine caused the event. It only indicates that the event occurred sometime after administration of the vaccine. Proof that the event was caused by the vaccine is NOT required in order for VAERS to accept the report.

Remember that these vaccines contain all the same ingredients and are made the same way as seasonal influenza vaccinations have been for decades of use. The only difference is the type of flu viruses each year included in the vaccines. There has not been a significant relationship made between increased febrile seizures after vaccinations found over all these years of use, although for the sake of safety it is always being monitored and evaluated.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has not changed their recommendations for flu vaccinations in children and still encourage their use.

See related links below.

Psychoactive drugs can affect the brain by altering neurotransmitter levels, specifically dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. They can also impact neural pathways and structures, leading to changes in mood, perception, cognition, and behavior. Chronic use of these drugs can disrupt normal brain functioning and lead to addiction or other long-term consequences.

No, there must be a sufficient voltage summed up from all the inputs to be at or above the trigger voltage. Usually a single input is not sufficient.

The notion that we only use some fraction of our brain is based on an oversimplification of an outdated understanding of how the brain actually works (in other words, it's wrong). It may be true that at any given time only a small fraction of your neurons are firing, but that's more because you don't often have a need for the neurons that govern, say, remembering exactly what benzaldehyde smells like (cherries, if you're interested).

There's no reason to think that geniuses use a "higher percentage" of their brains than anyone else.... they just do it better, somehow, and we really don't understand exactly how.

There is no secret, chemical or morphological, behind a genius using his brain more effectively and successfully than many others. He simply keeps his neurons free of other electrical and chemical impulses, impurities, disturbances, disruptions, cross-currents and short-circuits such as those caused by sudden or continuing erruptions of anger, hate, lust and so on. The ancient Indian philosophers have defined this state of the resultant chemical and electrical special balance as Cleanliness Of Conscience or Kundtalini. Where many people are prone to diverge in their thoughts, emotions and feelings, they are clear-conscious enough to make them converge, thereby reducing the need for using more neurons. Anyway complex thoughts result in the formation of more chemical combinations and more intense and intricate electrical discharges. The projecting of the fore head frontwards in the cource of evolution increased the internal volume of the skull by which more quantity of brain could it contain, which has been critical in the emergence of intellect in man. The erection of the backbone unlike in animals also has been a critical factor. When the backbone remained horizontal to the axis of the Earth, all the excess energy produced was being arrested and pulled down to earth by the gravitational force. But once it became erect, it was freed from the magnetic pull of the earth and all excess and unused energy went straight to the brain and it developed. It is not strange that a sitting sleeper is more conscious and alert than a lying sleeper. When compared to animals, all men are geniuses once they get rid of all rubbish in their brain and do not overcrowd it.

The three classes of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from sensory organs to the central nervous system (CNS), motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands to control movements, and interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS.

The action potential stimulates the axon terminal to release its neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters attach themselves to the dendrote of the next neuron, so that it will open its NA+ channels.

Myelination is the process by which a myelin sheath is formed around nerve fibers, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical signals within the nervous system. This sheath is produced by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Myelination plays a critical role in regulating nerve impulse conduction and promoting proper functioning of the nervous system.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Reversible:1.Physostigmine -Miotic, cycloplegic and reduces IOT 0.25-0.5 % drops -Atropine, and antidepressant poisoning with predominant CNS manifestations (crosses BBB) 2.Neostigmine-Doesnt cross BBB, hence good for d.tubocurare muscle blockade -Myasthenia -Post op ileus -Decurarisation 3.Pyridostigmine-Similar but less potent and long acting than neostigmine. Better tolerated in myasthenic patients 4.Edrophonium -Dx of myasthenia -Cobra bites 5.Rivastigmine -Alzhiemers(?) Irreversible: -Mostly pesticides DFP,Malathoin,Parathoin,Sarin, Soman (Nerve gas) -Metrifonate(Antihelminthic drug)

To detect the afferent nervous system and if in fact it is functioning fine. This reflex is an autonomic response from the nervous system. If it is not functioning correctly more tests will be done to find the cause.

While these medications target different neurotransmitters, they can still work synergistically to address different aspects of a person's symptoms. For example, SSRIs can help with anxiety by increasing serotonin levels, while Strattera can improve ADHD symptoms by increasing norepinephrine levels. Adding an antipsychotic like Risperdal may help manage OCD symptoms by blocking certain receptors, without necessarily counteracting the effects of the other medications. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan.

Motor unit action potentials are electrical signals generated by a motor unit in response to a neural impulse from the central nervous system. These signals travel along the motor neurons to stimulate muscle fibers to contract. The pattern and strength of motor unit action potentials determine the force and coordination of muscle contractions.

No....The best person to see about that is an Ear, Nose And Throat Doctor.

It means there is a significant growth or abnormality in the back portion of the brain near the cerebellum, specifically the inferiior cerebellar vermis. Further investigation is needed to determine the nature of the lesion and its impact on surrounding structures.

Not usually. You would usually see your general practitioner for a referral to a psychiatrist. Psychiatrists specialise in the treatment of mental illness.

However, sometimes the psychiatrist might ask for a neurologist's opinion to rule out a possible differential diagnosis (for example, to check that the psychotic symptoms aren't related to temporal lobe epilepsy).

During an action potential, voltage-gated ion channels open in response to depolarization, causing an influx of sodium ions into the cell. This influx of positive ions triggers the reversal of charge inside the membrane, producing an action potential.

When a neurotransmitter lands on their receptor site, they can either excite of inhibit the receiving cell. To excite a cell, positive sodium ions flow to it, which depolarizes the membrane in a similar way to a nerve impulse. The depolarizing effect spreads through the membrane and only last for 1/3 of a millisecond.

Schwann cells enhance the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the peripheral nervous system by forming a myelin sheath around the axon. This myelin sheath insulates the axon, allowing for faster conduction of the action potential through a process known as saltatory conduction.

No, proteins play a critical role in generating and propagating action potentials in neurons. Channels and pumps made of proteins are responsible for the movement of ions across the cell membrane, which is crucial for the changes in membrane potential that underlie an action potential. Without proteins, the necessary ion movements would not occur, and an action potential would not be possible.

Side effects of dopamine agonists can include nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and hallucinations. These medications may also increase the risk of impulse control disorders such as gambling or hypersexuality. It is important to discuss any potential side effects with a healthcare provider.

A neurologist specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system, which can include conditions that affect mental health such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. They often work collaboratively with mental health professionals to provide comprehensive care for patients with conditions that involve both neurological and psychiatric symptoms.

of course a neurologist and nurses trained right here in Guam, u.s.a. or Pennsylvania where people are so nice and friendly and also mightly England know it it is the person of course who you work with wha awho a had studeied neurology this may sound like nonsense but happpiness spreads i am the man with the plan Gregory john san miguel blas