Neuroscience

A neuron is an excitable cell, which conveys an electric impulse when adequately stimulated. The structures are: the dendrites (inputs), the cell body (soma), the nucleus, the axon (the output, which can be thin and long up to a meter), with a Myelin sheath on the longer axons (made up of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, separated along the axon by the Nodes of Ranvier), axon terminal branches, ending with a terminal button which would form the beginning of a synapse when connecting to another neuron, or a motor end plate if connecting to a muscle cell.

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers and play a role in reducing stress and increasing feelings of pleasure. They are produced in response to various stimuli, such as exercise, excitement, or pain, and help regulate mood and emotions.

Mesolimbic pathway - true. It travels from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.

When light hits the retina, it is absorbed by specialized light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. This causes a photopigment within the photoreceptor cells to change shape, setting off a series of biochemical reactions that ultimately lead to the generation of an electrical signal in the form of an action potential. This signal is then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve for processing.

i think they belong to the peripheral nervous system (pns)

A.P. propagation consists of the movement of the action potential along the axon, axon terminals and dendrites. A.P. propagation is non-decremental meaning that the amplitude of the A.P. remains constant throughout the propagation. Action potentials are also follow the principle of all-or-none fashion. Meaning if there is not enough summation(adding of EPSPs and mEPPs) to bring the stimulus to threshold, then no AP will be elicited

A neurologist typically does not treat sinus issues. Sinus issues are usually managed by an otolaryngologist (ENT specialist) or a primary care physician. If sinus symptoms are causing neurological symptoms or complications, a neurologist may be consulted to assess and manage those specific issues.

Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include persistent tremors at rest, forward-bent walking posture, and a shuffling gait due to decreased dopamine levels in the brain.

No, neurotransmitters do not create new action potentials. They transmit signals between neurons by binding to receptors on the receiving neuron, causing a change in the membrane potential of the receiving neuron which may lead to the generation of a new action potential.

Blood vessels are absent from the gray matter of the spinal cord. The gray matter primarily consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses, which are essential for processing and integrating information. Nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the gray matter via the surrounding white matter and cerebrospinal fluid.

Basically the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all nerves and ganglia which are not in the central nervous system (CNS) which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The PNS can be divided in to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and the production of saliva and the somatic nervous system.

ANS can be further divided in to two categories called the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). SNS and PNS are integral in the homeostatic regulation of the bodies functions.

The somatic nervous system is associated with the bodies voluntary movements such as those of the skeletal muscles, ie the act of you picking up a pen. It is also associated with receiving external stimuli ie hearing, sight and touch.

It may be necessary to consult with a neurologist or neuropsychologist in the diagnosis of mental retardation when there are complex neurological or cognitive issues that require specialized assessment. They can provide valuable insights into brain function and help identify underlying causes or contributing factors to the individual's cognitive impairments. Working together, they can offer a comprehensive evaluation and treatment plan for individuals with mental retardation.

The salary of a neurologist in Dubai can vary depending on factors such as experience, qualifications, and the healthcare facility they work for. On average, a neurologist in Dubai can earn between AED 30,000 to AED 60,000 per month.

Nerve endings cannot be killed as they are a part of the body's nervous system. However, in certain medical procedures, nerve endings can be damaged or destroyed to reduce pain or sensation in a specific area. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before undergoing any such procedure.

Both Macrophages and leukocytes act as phagocytes within the CNS

The space between two neurons where communication occurs using chemical messages is called the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of the sending neuron and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neuron, facilitating the transmission of signals between the two.

MND is typically fatal within 2-5 years. Around 50% die within 14 months of diagnosis. The remaining 50% will not necessarily die within the next 14 months as the distribution is significantly skewed. As a rough estimate, 1 in 5 patients survive for 5 years, and 1 in 10 patients survive 10 years. Stephen Hawking is a well-known example of a person with MND, and has lived for more than 40 years with the disease.

Sympathetic nerves originate inside the vertebral column, toward the middle of the spinal cord in the intermediolateral cell column (or lateral horn), beginning at the first thoracic segment of the spinal cord and are thought to extend to the second or third lumbar segments. Because its cells begin in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, the SNS is said to have a thoracolumbar outflow. Axons of these nerves leave the spinal cord through the anterior rootlet/root. They pass near the spinal (sensory) ganglion, where they enter the anterior rami of the spinal nerves. At the synapses within the ganglia, preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on postganglionic neurons. In response to this stimulus postganglionic neurons - with two important exceptions - release norepinephrine, which activates adrenergic receptors on the peripheral target tissues.

The parasympathetic nerves (PSNS) are autonomic (aka "visceral") branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Parasympathetic nerve fibers arise from the central nervous system with the S2, S3, and S4 spinal nerves and from the third, seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves.The parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter, although other peptides (such as cholecystokinin) may act on the PSNS as a neurotransmitter.

Action potentials are short-lived, local changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized. They are essential for transmitting electrical signals along neurons.

During a seizure, dogs may release a scent of urine or feces due to loss of bowel or bladder control. Additionally, the saliva produced during a seizure may have a different smell than usual. It's important to consult a veterinarian if your dog is experiencing seizures to determine the underlying cause.

People can perceive a sensation despite missing the sense receptor due to a phenomenon called sensory substitution. In this process, the brain can reorganize and utilize information from other intact senses to fill in missing sensory inputs. For example, a person who is blind may develop enhanced auditory or tactile perception to compensate for the lack of visual input.

If trazodone does impact dopamine, it does so very slightly, and such effect is negligible. So, I would say no.

Trazodone is an agonist for the 5-HT (serotonin)-1A receptor (similar to buspirone, where it acts to reduce anxiety).

It also antagonizes (blocks) the following receptor subtypes:

- 5-HT 2A, 2B, and 2C

- alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

- histamine-1 receptor

Well, Neurologists specialize in conditions and diseases of the brain, so if you are experiencing memory loss, or other neurological symptoms, that is the first thing you should mention to your neurologist.

When a neuron is resting, the inside of the cell membrane is more negative compared to the outside due to the unequal distribution of ions. This difference in charge is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions across the membrane to establish the resting membrane potential.