A shell script is used to automatically enter a series of commands without having to make the user type them out.

A majority of servers, including most of the Internet, run on Linux or other Unix-like operating systems. As a desktop platform, it is used in Mac OS X, and some (particularly Linux distributions) are mainly used by more technically savvy users or hobbyists. The wide range of distributions (or "distros") means that there is a flavor for everyone. Additionally, the Linux kernel is used in the Android mobile phone operating system.

soalris 9 support:

* it only support terabyes

* only init phase no SMF services

* no zones concepts

solaris 10 support

* supports petabytes and zfs(zeta filesystems

* uses svcs services and SMF

* supports zones

more than ,

grub bootloader for x86 sytem, and NFSv4 is introduced.

differance between solaris 9 and sol 10

1. SMF - service management facilty

2. Zone

3. ZFS - Zeta Byte file system

4. Nfs 4.0 version

5. Multi terabyte file system (up to 16 TB ) in sol 9 1 TB only

6. Passwd authentication Sol 9 - 16 characters

sol 10 - 256 characters

It is a system software and all the processes in the operating system can be controlled by the user.

Linux shell scripting tutorials are available as pdf files or videos where a lecturer speaks over a video of a computer console. This is where you can watch someone code in the bash environment and follow along.

There are many ways to do this, but the fastest and easiest is to use the 'uptime' command, which will tell you in a summary line how many users are logged in.

Yes

it is a command in unix and unix like operating systems that places a string on the computer terminal.It is typically used in shell scripts and bath files screen or a file.

Once upon a time, all computers were controlled by typing instructions. There was no GUI 'Graphic User Interface' as on modern computers. Whilst there is nothing wrong in using GUI entirely, some users would rather use the CLI 'Command Line Interface' on a terminal, either entirely or partly. Provided the user knows the code to type, it is often faster using CLI than the mouse and GUI.

input="yes"

while [[ $input = "yes" ]]

do

echo "------------"

echo "Calculator"

echo "------------"

PS3="Press 1 for Addition, 2 for subtraction, 3 for multiplication and 4 for division: "

select math in Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

do

case "$math" in

Addition)

echo "Enter first no:"

read num1

echo "Enter second no:"

read num2

result=<code>expr $num1 + $num2</code>

echo Answer: $result

break

;;

Subtraction)

echo "Enter first no:"

read num1

echo "Enter second no:"

read num2

result=<code>expr $num1 - $num2</code>

echo Answer: $result

break

;;

Multiplication)

echo "Enter first no:"

read num1

echo "Enter second no:"

read num2

result=<code>expr $num1 \* $num2</code>

echo Answer: $result

break

;;

Division)

echo "Enter first no:"

read num1

echo "Enter second no:"

read num2

result=$(expr "scale=2; $num1/$num2" | bc)

echo Answer = $result

break

;;

*)

echo Choose 1 to 4 only!!!!

break

;;

esac

done

echo "Do you want to calculate again(yes/no):"

read input

echo "Thank you for using this program"

done

Several different versions of UNIX have GUI's or Graphical User Interfaces.

The most common example of UNIX with an interface is Mac OS X.

iwconfig

In 1984, another factor brought added attention to UNIX system

The shell is both a command language and a programming language that provides an interface to the UNIX operating system (Bourne, 1978).

The shell is the part of the operating system that the user interacts with, and is arguably the most important part of the operating system. Files can be created, renamed, moved and read from the shell. Computer hardware can be installed, used and removed through the shells. Program applications and scripting can be written, compiled, and ran through the shell.

OS system software applications are mainly designed to run PC or Mac systems as a whole. Operating systems are the cradle for word processing programs, along with other software applications and media. Utility software, however, is designed to help the OS system run more efficiently and smoothly. Utility software can include disc monitoring and repair tools, along with programs that ensure system drivers are up to date across the board.

Some may think that the vi editor is too cryptic in its use of commands; i.e. it is not very intuitive in terms of doing edits. Other editors seem to allow users to 'take' to them in an easier fashion.

However, if you use it long enough it becomes (like anything else) second nature.

Unix is a mainframe operating system that was invented at Bell Labs in 1969. Linux is actually a free software (also known as open source) version of the Unix kernel, rewritten from scratch for the 'PC' (x86) hardware standards, with all the improvements that Linus Torvalds felt were needed. The Linux kernel plus the GNU software, creates the base system of what people generally refer to as 'Linux'. Add XWindows and a window manager like GNOME or KDE, and you get desktop 'Linux'.

Linux is one example of "copyleft" software, a concept introduced by Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. Like copyright, copyleft means no one else can copyright and own a piece of creative work. But where copyright = all rights reserved, copyleft = all rights released (to use, copy, modify, and sell).

Free software systems can be fast evolving systems because the code is open to everyone, and when someone makes an improvement to a program it is shared with the maintainers. If it's good it will be incorporated into future versions of the program, available to all for free. Some 'flavors' of GNU/Linux are packaged and 'sold', but in reality what is being paid for is the service package and tech support of the packaging company, and source code must be provided with all working versions. Linux itself is available for free to anyone with access to the internet. Other reimplementations of unix for x86 include operating systems like the BSD family, Sun's Solaris, and HP Unix.

The 'head' command will list out certain number of lines in a file from the beginning. The standard is to list the first 25 lines, but you can change that:

head -100 myfile

will list out the first 100 lines of myfile.

The same way you create any other program, by designing it and then coding it. A shell program is no different to any other program in terms of how it is created. Its purpose is simply to provide access to the applications and utilities, perhaps organise them in some way, and to present key system components such as a clock or calendar, as well as system notifications from background services. In Microsoft Windows, for instance, Windows Explorer is the default shell program and this provides a desktop, taskbar, start menu and notification area. However, only the first instance of Explorer provides the shell. All other instances of Explorer simply open navigation windows. But while you cannot replace Windows Explorer itself (it is an integral part of the operating system), you can replace the shell component.

All Unix systems provide a 'find' command that searches for specific files in a given directory. To find a file that has the word "foo" in the /usr directory, I would type:

$ find /usr -name *foo*

For more information, see 'man 1 find'.

A page fault in any operating system will occur when a reference to memory indicates that the actual information has been paged out to disk, and is not available in memory at the present time.

When the page fault occurs, the system has to swap that page back into memory before it can reference the memory location. This is how virtual memory was implemented.

Page faults should be transparent to the program; it doesn't know or care if the memory was resident or not, since the net effect is to make that memory available to the program, whether it was paged out or not.

Unix is a computer operating system. It tells the computer how to work. Your computer is actually quite stupid. It knows how to do one thing. When it starts up, it knows how to do one of two things, they are either start spinning the hard disk, or move the memory from location a into the processor. Then the operating system starts telling the computer what to do. It might tell it to take orders from the screen, to add and subtract, to print, to use the internet and how to use the internet, or to do something else.