A "process" is a program. In multitasking environments such as Unix or Windows - in fact, in most modern operating systems - the computer can run multiple processes at the same time. Note that not all of such processes need to have a visible window - some can be hidden from the user, until you use a special tool or command to list the processes.

The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage.

November 3, 1971

Unix is no longer a single operating system, and as such no single company makes it. Historically, Unix was created by AT&T. Nowadays, operating system collectively referred to as "Unix" are created by companies such as Sun (Solaris), Hewlett-Packard (HP-UX), IBM (AIX), and Apple (Mac OS X).

In general each command in a script file is on a separate line, so it is terminated with a line terminator character (put it automatically when you press the Enter key).

Unlike some programming languages, a script file does not need a special terminator for the end of the line.

du is a command the reports on the Disk Usage of the filesystem.

Unix is the name of both a general specification for an operating system to meet, and the first system to meet that specification. Xenix is an implementation made by Microsoft in the late 1980s that met the Unix specification.

The 'mount' command with no options will list out all of the mounted filesystems currently in use and their 'mount' options.

This command is used by the administrator to make available partitions that are currently offline.

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Advantages

• Full multitasking with protected memory. Multiple users can run multiple

programs each at the same time without interfering with each other or

crashing the system.

• Very efficient virtual memory, so many programs can run with a modest

amount of physical memory.

• Access controls and security. All users must be authenticated by a valid

account and password to use the system at all. All files are owned by

particular accounts. The owner can decide whether others have read or write

access to his files.

• A rich set of small commands and utilities that do specific tasks well -- not

cluttered up with lots of special options. Unix is a well-stocked toolbox, not a

giant do-it-all Swiss Army Knife.

• Ability to string commands and utilities together in unlimited ways to

accomplish more complicated tasks -- not limited to preconfigured

combinations or menus, as in personal computer systems.

•

• The traditional command line shell interface is user hostile -- designed for the

programmer, not the casual user.

• Commands often have cryptic names and give very little response to tell the

user what they are doing. Much use of special keyboard characters - little

typos have unexpected results.

Disadvantages of UNIX

• The traditional command line shell interface is user hostile -- designed for the

programmer, not the casual user.

• Commands often have cryptic names and give very little response to tell the

user what they are doing. Much use of special keyboard characters - little

typos have unexpected results.

• To use Unix well, you need to understand some of the main design features.

Its power comes from knowing how to make commands and programs

interact with each other, not just from treating each as a fixed black box.

• Richness of utilities (over 400 standard ones) often overwhelms novices.

Documentation is short on examples and tutorials to help you figure out how

to use the many tools provided to accomplish various kinds of tasks.

the command is - ls there are other options and flags for the ls command which can be viewed by typing man ls if you type 'man ls' in a google search, it will show you the same manual

Internal commands are executed by the shell and do not exist as a separate binary program. You can find out which of these there are by looking at the 'man' entry for the shell you are using.

External commands can be found in various directories, such as /bin, /usr/bin, etc.

What was created to define a standard directory structure and common file loc

'smbpasswd' is the program you are looking for. Read the manual 'man smbpasswd' for more information. You must be root or run with sudo to change other users passwords.

Change password with the command 'smbpasswd <username>'

# smbpasswd bob

or

$ sudo smbpasswd bob

NOTE: You may also need to enable the user after you set the password

# smbpasswd -e bob

or

$ sudo smbpasswd -e bob

Linux, Minix, Coherent, FreeBSD, etc. These are all clones of Unix

The UNIX OS is an operating system, which has the primary responsibility of managing security and resources for users. It has the same "purpose" as any other operating system, such as Windows, z/os, VMS, etc.

Unix is one of the more secure operating systems, but it would be difficult to give an exact answer. It is very easy (and possible) to make any operating system insecure.

It takes individuals some amount of time to secure any operating system, and Unix is no exception to that.

The shell interpreter must substitute or convert all metacharacters in the command line before the command parameters are given to a program. Once all metacharacters have been removed and replaced by their equivalents the program is then executed.

"Linux" as a operating system distribution (which includes the kernel as created by Linus Torvalds), was in some way influenced by Unix (this includes Apple's Mac OS and OS X, which was based on BSD, which was derived from Unix) at some point in their development.

From the manpage of the bc(1) command:

The following is the definition of the recursive factorial function.

define f (x) {

if (x <= 1) return (1);

return (f(x-1) * x);

}

So you could enter that definition of f(), and then call it, for example f(10)

Even in the early days when Linux first came out, it was often commented upon how much faster it was than traditional Unix systems. For many tasks, Linux simply performs better. There are some situations that Linux still has not been optimized for, though, so Unix systems are used to do the "heavy" lifting.