Active Directory

A start of authority (SOA) record is information stored in a domain name system (DNS) zone about that zone and about other DNS records. A DNS zone is the part of a domain for which an individual DNS server is responsible. Each zone contains a single SOA record. SOA records are defined in IETF RFC 1035, Domain Names - Implementation and Specification. The SOA record stores information about the name of the server that supplied the data for the zone; the administrator of the zone; the current version of the data file; the number of seconds a secondary name server should wait before checking for updates; the number of seconds a secondary name server should wait before retrying a failed zone transfer; the maximum number of seconds that a secondary name server can use data before it must either be refreshed or expire; and a default number of seconds for the time-to-live file on resource records.

one local Group Policy

object. It is stored in %systemroot%System32\GroupPolicy.

Bridgehead server

The active root directory refers to the primary directory in a file system that is currently in use or being accessed by the operating system. It serves as the starting point for file path navigation, allowing users and applications to locate and manage files and subdirectories within that hierarchy. This concept is crucial in systems like UNIX or Linux, where users can change the active root directory using commands like cd. In essence, it represents the context in which file operations are performed.

It's an application for Big Fish Games

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

Kerberos Policy. This is found under:

+Computer Configuration

+Windows Settings

+Security Settings

+Account Policies

+Kerberos Policies

The DHCP server is not a member of the DnsUpdateProxy security group.

It is a hierarchical representation of all the objects and their attributes available on the network. It enables administrators to manage the network resources, i.e., computers, users, printers, shared folders, etc., in an easy way. The logical structure represented by Active Directory consists of forests, trees, domains, organizational units, and individual objects. This structure is completely independent from the physical structure of the network, and allows administrators to manage domains according to the organizational needs without bothering about the physical network structure.

Following is the description of all logical components of the Active Directory structure:

Forest: A forest is the outermost boundary of an Active Directory structure. It is a group of multiple domain trees that share a common schema but do not form a contiguous namespace. It is created when the first Active Directory-based computer is installed on a network. There is at least one forest on a network. The first domain in a forest is called a root domain. It controls the schema and domain naming for the entire forest. It can be separately removed from the forest. Administrators can create multiple forests and then create trust relationships between specific domains in those forests, depending upon the organizational needs.

Trees: A hierarchical structure of multiple domains organized in the Active Directory forest is referred to as a tree. It consists of a root domain and several child domains. The first domain created in a tree becomes the root domain. Any domain added to the root domain becomes its child, and the root domain becomes its parent. The parent-child hierarchy continues until the terminal node is reached. All domains in a tree share a common schema, which is defined at the forest level. Depending upon the organizational needs, multiple domain trees can be included in a forest.

Domains: A domain is the basic organizational structure of a Windows Server 2003 networking model. It logically organizes the resources on a network and defines a security boundary in Active Directory. The directory may contain more than one domain, and each domain follows its own security policy and trust relationships with other domains. Almost all the organizations having a large network use domain type of networking model to enhance network security and enable administrators to efficiently manage the entire network.

Objects: Active Directory stores all network resources in the form of objects in a hierarchical structure of containers and subcontainers, thereby making them easily accessible and manageable. Each object class consists of several attributes. Whenever a new object is created for a particular class, it automatically inherits all attributes from its member class. Although the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory defines its default set of objects, administrators can modify it according to the organizational needs.

Organizational Unit (OU): It is the least abstract component of the Windows Server 2003 Active Directory. It works as a container into which resources of a domain can be placed. Its logical structure is similar to an organization's functional structure. It allows creating administrative boundaries in a domain by delegating separate administrative tasks to the administrators on the domain. Administrators can create multiple Organizational Units in the network. They can also create nesting of OUs, which means that other OUs can be created within an OU.

In a large complex network, the Active Directory service provides a single point of management for the administrators by placing all the network resources at a single place. It allows administrators to effectively delegate administrative tasks as well as facilitate fast searching of network resources. It is easily scalable, i.e., administrators can add a large number of resources to it without having additional administrative burden. It is accomplished by partitioning the directory database, distributing it across other domains, and establishing trust relationships, thereby providing users with benefits of decentralization, and at the same time, maintaining the centralized administration.

The physical network infrastructure of Active Directory is far too simple as compared to its logical structure. The physical components are domain controllers and sites.

Domain Controller: A Windows 2003 server on which Active Directory services are installed and run is called a domain controller. A domain controller locally resolves queries for information about objects in its domain. A domain can have multiple domain controllers. Each domain controller in a domain follows the multimaster model by having a complete replica of the domain's directory partition. In this model, every domain controller holds a master copy of its directory partition. Administrators can use any of the domain controllers to modify the Active Directory database. The changes performed by the administrators are automatically replicated to other domain controllers in the domain.

However, there are some operations that do not follow the multimaster model. Active Directory handles these operations and assigns them to a single domain controller to be accomplished. Such a domain controller is referred to as operations master. The operations master performs several roles, which can be forest-wide as well as domain-wide.

Forest-wide roles: There are two types of forest-wide roles:

Schema Master and Domain Naming Master. The Schema Master is responsible for maintaining the schema and distributing it to the entire forest. The Domain Naming Master is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the forest by recording additions of domains to and deletions of domains from the forest. When new domains are to be added to a forest, the Domain Naming Master role is queried. In the absence of this role, new domains cannot be added.

Domain-wide roles: There are three types of domain-wide roles: RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master.

RID Master: The RID Master is one of the operations master roles that exist in each domain in a forest. It controls the sequence number for the domain controllers within a domain. It provides a unique sequence of RIDs to each domain controller in a domain. When a domain controller creates a new object, the object is assigned a unique security ID consisting of a combination of a domain SID and a RID. The domain SID is a constant ID, whereas the RID is assigned to each object by the domain controller. The domain controller receives the RIDs from the RID Master. When the domain controller has used all the RIDs provided by the RID Master, it requests the RID Master to issue more RIDs for creating additional objects within the domain. When a domain controller exhausts its pool of RIDs, and the RID Master is unavailable, any new object in the domain cannot be created.

PDC Emulator: The PDC emulator is one of the five operations master roles in Active Directory. It is used in a domain containing non-Active Directory computers. It processes the password changes from both users and computers, replicates those updates to backup domain controllers, and runs the Domain Master browser. When a domain user requests a domain controller for authentication, and the domain controller is unable to authenticate the user due to bad password, the request is forwarded to the PDC emulator. The PDC emulator then verifies the password, and if it finds the updated entry for the requested password, it authenticates the request.

Infrastructure Master: The Infrastructure Master role is one of the Operations Master roles in Active Directory. It functions at the domain level and exists in each domain in the forest. It maintains all inter-domain object references by updating references from the objects in its domain to the objects in other domains. It performs a very important role in a multiple domain environment. It compares its data with that of a Global Catalog, which always has up-to-date information about the objects of all domains. When the Infrastructure Master finds data that is obsolete, it requests the global catalog for its updated version. If the updated data is available in the global catalog, the Infrastructure Master extracts and replicates the updated data to all the other domain controllers in the domain.

Domain controllers can also be assigned the role of a Global Catalog server. A Global Catalog is a special Active Directory database that stores a full replica of the directory for its host domain and the partial replica of the directories of other domains in a forest. It is created by default on the initial domain controller in the forest. It performs the following primary functions regarding logon capabilities and queries within Active Directory:

It enables network logon by providing universal group membership information to a domain controller when a logon request is initiated.

It enables finding directory information about all the domains in an Active Directory forest.

A Global Catalog is required to log on to a network within a multidomain environment. By providing universal group membership information, it greatly improves the response time for queries. In its absence, a user will be allowed to log on only to his local domain if his user account is external to the local domain.

Site: A site is a group of domain controllers that exist on different IP subnets and are connected via a fast and reliable network connection. A network may contain multiple sites connected by a WAN link. Sites are used to control replication traffic, which may occur within a site or between sites. Replication within a site is referred to as intrasite replication, and that between sites is referred to as intersite replication. Since all domain controllers within a site are generally connected by a fast LAN connection, the intrasite replication is always in uncompressed form. Any changes made in the domain are quickly replicated to the other domain controllers. Since sites are connected to each other via a WAN connection, the intersite replication always occurs in compressed form. Therefore, it is slower than the intrasite replication

DSADD can add user,computers and groups all

Tombstone

Users

preemption (more correctly pre-emption) is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time.

we will check the dns nllookup .is it properly working if it is working then good if not than some problem

IF the 2 domains does not have trusting between them, then we can have same named user and can use the same password.it does not concern any one in two domains

IF the 2 domains have trust relation between them then only one password will work for both

so it does not require two passwords

the naming service that provide for the creation of a standard name for a given set of data.where as,directory service is a naming service which include meta data describing the object referenced by that name,
Example of naming service is DNS i.e Domain naming system
Example of Directory service is Telephone directory

the directory service allow to find the object without knowing its name.

To turn off inbound replication

1. Open a Command Prompt.

2.Type the following command, and then press ENTER:

repadmin /options ServerName +DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

where ServerName is the network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) name of the domain controller.

3. Verify that the option is set. The following message should appear:

New DC Options: DISABLE_INBOUND_REPL

Data that is currently available to be used. The program has it stored where it can readily get at it rather than having it stored out of easy reach.

The term 'domain' is too general to compare to the idea of a forest. A domain and the AD can be a part of a forest. This includes; domain controllers, child domains, domain functionality, replicators, directory service and so on. The concept of creating a forest was first introduced in the windows 2003 AD architecture. Suffice to say interoperability with server 2000 and NT (which do not recognize the forest) poses limitations and security issues. Hence four levels of functionality. Some are, in my opinion, basically unsound with regards to the security levels of a forest. A forest is not to be taken lightly. It requires much research and preparation. The term 'domain' applies across the board in a forest. Moreover, a forest relies on security. The PC you start the first installation of a forest will be considered the root and will hold the high level admins such as the enterprise and schema admins. Making forest trusts (only on root domain) facilitates communications between domains and ADs that share the same SPN (service principle name) which have to be resolved at a remote location in another forest. The configuration also requires IAS, Kerberos, UPN, SPD, SID namespaces .... What am I forgetting? Thinking about configuring the root forest on the first PC makes you dizzy with abbreviations acronyms, protocols, group security, etc ... Comprehensive research and planning are crucial. Managing forests and domain is hard enough as it is. I'd say this basic principle of security properties could be considered the largest difference between a 'forest' and a 'domain'.

because when the service is stopped the database is free and any chnages can be done and in restoring the database file is overwritten by system.when service is started again the DHCP database file is loaded again and one gets the retored database entries reflecting.

visibility is a problem

if you paint one side you have to paint the other because the tension is to much and will bend it out of shape

There might be different reasons but one of them is that the clocks between a workstation is a DC are not syncronised. I believe Windows allow not more than 1 minute difference

DSQUERY

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