Ancient Greece

In almost every way. We have to remember that the idea of Athens as 'the birthplace of democracy' was an invention of 19th century poet Lord Tennyson, who was trying to drum up support in Western Europe for the Greek rising against its Turkish Ottoman overlords.

In reality, Athens' democracy consisted of a number of (usually carefully orchestrated) mass meetings on subjects that the rulers thought important enough - a sort of referendum, really. These would be about things like war or peace, or the appointment of a general or admiral in times of war. And then there was jury duty, also in mass meetings.

That was it , basically. Athens indeed was the birthplace of philosophical and scientific thought in Europe. But for all its attributed fame as the birthplace of democracy, in reality it always was and remained an oligarchy, ruled by the members of a small group of powerful families. There were no democratic institutions like a Congress with well-defined constitutional powers and apart from the war leaders mentioned above, there were no elected public officials, no elected leadership, no checks and balances or budgetary restraints.

Women had no political (or other) rights at all, and males only could vote or do jury duty if they were free-born and had citizen status. The US system only has the word 'democratic' in common with what Athens was later said to be. Oh yes, and the concept of plebiscites on very important subjects that they have in several US States.

The Acropolis is the center of Greek life because it was in the center of Athens and that is where everyone voted for rulers. It is also where they put on plays to show the current events.

Value ancient Greeks and "News". ....

Dawn, 06/01/1962: "More than 150 scientists from the University and the Academy of Moscow have agreed wholeheartedly with the scientific view of Mr. Mars Poulianos underlined the seriousness of the work and not stingy on their expressions spoke verylaudatory words about him. Dr S. A. Tokarev, professor of ethnography at the University of Moscow and head of the Department of Ethnography of the peoples of Europe at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow, said:

The work of Aris N. Poulianos exceptional interest for the ethnographic science. The pooled and treated statistically huge stock of anthropological research among the Greeks first time introduces a new kind of science sources for the study of a crucial problem, as is the origin of the Greek people. So far on this issue in science has been generally accepted view that modern Greeks historically have very little in common with the ancient Greeks the founders of the ancient culture that modern Greeks for the most part represent descendants of Slavs, Albanians and other peoples metokisan Greece and merged with the Greeks of the Byzantine era. Unlike the author of this thesis, convincingly and based on similar material, shows that whatever the influence of the Slavs and other peoples who came into contact with the Greeks, the people of modern Greece is basically a descendant of the ancient population of the Balkans and the islands of the Aegean.

The renowned anthropologist at the University of Moscow, Dr. J. J. Rogkinsky notes that the southern part of the Balkans is in Europe, where crossing the broad border zone between the area of ​​Dinaric and prosthiasiatikis race. So in this area can be found some of the general problems of classification of the peoples of Europe and the Asian front. "In addition it should be noted that in this work finds its position and the criticism of racist constructs connection with the acquisition of ancient Greek culture." (Note: You mean the racist theories that argue that modern Greeks are not descendants of the ancient and that is why their culture is far less developed countries. However, beyond the unrealistic correlation - if, for example, compare the traditions - the scientific confirmation of the biological continuity of the Greeks proves once again that it is mainly geographical and socio-historical conditions that shape the cultural level of a nation).

"The director of the Anthropology Division of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow Dr M. C. Levine said: ... It may seem paradoxical to note that many people in Europe were studied anthropological worse than the people of Australia, Melanesia and other distant countries. Among the countries of Europe, Greece is one of the least studied ... The work of A. N. Poulianos fills this gap. The author holds the full methodology of anthropological research, strictly complied all the necessary conditions and given the appropriate attention.

The director of the Anthropological Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Moscow Dr. B. P. Giakimof said: "My view is that the work of A. N. Poulianos represents the most perfect summary for the Anthropology of the Greeks."

On the other side of the Atlantic, the U.S., the director of the Anthropology Department of the Smithsonian Institute G.. L. Angels in American Journal of Physical Anthropology (American Journal of Physical Anthropology No. 22, vol 5, 1964, p. 343) in book review of "Origin of the Greeks" writes: "Mars Poulianos ... correctly concludes that a full genetic continuity from ancient to contemporary times ...».

NEWS, 01.25.1962: "The scientific research of A. N. Poulianos rejects the dogmatic theory misellinos Fallmerayer German historian, who lived 1790-1861, the era of Greek struggle for independence - and who (Falmerayer) quite dogmatically, ie without prior anthropological research - and therefore unscientific aftapodeiktos - tried to support his theory ekslavismou Greece. The researcher concludes that anthropological research with the necessary historical and linguistic evidence is required to solve problems ethnogenetic.

This is a reflection of all past and therein lies the historic value. If the past helps us to understand this, this helps us to imagine the future.

KRITES - Aegean - Peloponnese - SARAKATSANA

Then Mars Poulianos studied about 10,000 more people and hundreds of skeletons from various regions of Eurasia. The groups of Greeks who were less represented in the doctoral thesis (Aegean Peloponnese Pindus) were studied in 1965 with his return to Greece.

THE ORIGIN OF CRETE - ISLANDS

The main conclusion (A. Poulianos, 1971, 1999) is that the modern population of Crete (in a sample of 3,000 persons) and all the Aegean with the mainland of Thrace and Asia Minor remained unchanged at least from the Minoan era and is native to the Aegean anthropological type. Migrations made at various times brought slight changes, but did not change the morphology of the original type. The effects do not exceed 1-3% and this shows again the consistency of the indigenous inhabitants in general of the Aegean basin, at least since the Mesolithic era, ie before 15,000 years.

In 1987 the Italian anthropology professor J.. Fakinos announced at the 2nd World Congress in Turin Paleoanthropology of the existence of human skeleton from the island 50,000 years, which indeed shows the morphology of the modern (Homo sapiens) and not neantertaleiou man. The news never reached the Greek media, as the Ministry of Culture has so far shown his usual indifference.

In 1999 the medical journal Tissue Antigens (Tissue Antigens, Vol 53, January) published an article about hematologic origin of the Cretans. The basic conclusion that ... Cretans are closest to the Berbers, the Semites and the Japanese than with the other Greeks (who came from somewhere north 4000 years ago in Greece) and that ... so it is unlikely that African and Middle Eastern origin of Cretan 10,000 years ago. Article 7 Spaniards signed with 3 Greek professor of medicine and unfortunately come to their conclusions lightly represented as only 135 inhabitants and only studied the gene HLA. Also, unethical move, ie without taking into account the past and of course more reliable methodology anthropological literature (phenotype, ie the external anthropological traits representing thousands of genes). Thus, in the literature are not found and the work of A. Murad ("The distribution of human blood groups and other polymorphisms, ed Oxf., 1976, p. 1055), indicating that no reliable study of the HLA gene because, with it came the unfounded conclusion that the Basques, Icelanders and the Congolese are related to each other more than any other populations. It may be noted however that since 1965, had not yet even started the bio-molecular comparison of human DNA, have sprung up such views, followed by others and, oddly coordinated in the same direction (eg see NEW YORK TIMES - "Cretans labeled non-Greek people", 17/4/1966, in spite of contrary posts eight 15/4/1966 Greek newspapers such as Daily: The population of Crete abode anthropologikos unchanged since the Neolithic period (see and a specific page).

From the historical, linguistic and archaeological reports of the above contributors haematologist, it becomes obvious that they are aware of such issues, and acrobatics into a patchwork of specialty unproven assumptions. For example, say: when the Sahara dried up 10,000 years before, perhaps the Berbers migrated to Crete and established the Minoan civilization. So instead look at (the Berbers) how to survive, they built ships, who had time and migrated en masse?. Not even the writers have reflected whether the Cretans thalassokratorias traveling in reverse, as reported by numerous sources? It was 10,000 years before the era of the last cataclysm? The Sahara dried up before 5500 years (see Sarah Simpson, Scientific American Oct. 1999). If it was not the proverbial often fanciful those who do not have the education to deal comprehensively with similar issues, one could perceive the very top that are similar to considerations of Cyprus, and not just as a bad joke. But we bring as an example of the above article from Tissue Antigens to apparent how easy it is someone, intentionally or not, irrelevant to lathepsei. Only regret is the threshold of the third millennium there are journals that publish uncritically such "works, while".

THE POPULATION OF PELOPONNISOU

Preliminary communication research ("Human", 1977, vol 4, p. 5-36) made under the guidance of the Martian Poulianos Pitsios, who confirmed the basic conclusions of the "Origin of the Greeks, and completed the relevant anthropological data with anthropometry 1582 people. In 1978 he published in a separate version with the words "Library of the Anthropological Association of Greece, No. 2, dedicated (with love) to his teacher.

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Greek geneticist working in the U.S. believe that the analysis of genetic material from ancient bones and teeth will soon reveal the origin of the Mycenaeans and Minoans.

The ongoing investigations have shown that the Greeks living in the Mediterranean by 2900 BC, about 1,000 years more than believed until now.

As explained by Dr. George Stamatoyannopoulos, a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle: "The survey is intended to diagnose [...] the DNA of the ancient Greeks and to determine their origin, whether they came from the north, where they came from the steppes Russia or Central Europe, if then.

The team, which includes scientists from Greece, has made a genetic analysis of approximately 50 and 30 teeth Minoans Mycenaeans. Searches are now almost as many specimens preserved pulp to make it possible to draw conclusions.

Regardless, a group of researchers at the University of Manchester genetic techniques to examine the bones discovered by Schliemann in the royal tombs of Mycenae, to see if the dead were family members or unrelated persons.

Mr. Stamatoyannopoulos believes that, apart from information on the movements and relations of the Greek population, once the genetic testing will offer other items such as spiritual characteristics of our ancient ancestors.

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According to research by Professor Constantine Trianatfyllidi Department of Biology, Aristotle 75% - 80% of the current mitochondrial DNA of Greek origin and has palaioloithiki formed after three waves of different movements, from 50,000 to 9,000 years ago. This research was conducted in 143 men and 2,400 Greek males of other populations (Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Africa and China).

Paternal DNA

DNA is the male ancestors (fathers) us.

According to his analysis of the genetic composition of the present inhabitants of Europe are the result of two migratory movements: 1) During the Paleolithic period and 2) during the Neolithic period that occurred from east to west

Mother DNA

Is DNA Ancestry women (mothers) us.

Besides the above two migrations occurred earlier and another one in the opposite direction from above. People in this case team moved from Europe to the Middle East. This explains the fact that 5% - 20% of the sequences of mitochondrial DNA of the inhabitants of the Middle East has a European origin.

Relationship between the Greeks and other populations

All evidence suggests that the genetic continuity of the Greek people with very little intermingling of the neighboring white populations, and none of Negro and Mongolian.The genetic composition of the Greeks at a rate of 99.6% Caucasian, white. The contribution of other groups is very low (0.4%). For reasons apparently religious, cultural or linguistic Greeks have not been largely intermingling with neighboring nations.

Similarities Greeks with neighboring nations

1) The Balkan populations: compared the gene frequencies of several polymorphic systems among the population of Greece and Bulgaria. The results showed that differences in the genetic evidence does not allow us to talk about common ancestry of the other Balkan peoples to the Greeks. The teacher refers to rates if necessary to mention.

2) Mediterranean populations: The conclusions of the study the genetic relatedness of Mediterranean populations revealed that the Greeks have particular affinity with the Italians. Nearly 22% of the Y chromosome of the inhabitants of Apulia (southern Italy) comes from the Greeks.

-If you made a classification based on the degree of genetic relatedness between the Greeks and other peoples of the northern Mediterranean, we would say that first of all the Greeks like the Italians, after the French, after the last Spanish and Turkish- says the professor.

To conclude the above evidence of overestimation of the migratory movements (Slavs, etc.). In fact, the movement of such people was very small and disorganized because of the difficulties of those times to try to greatly affect the basic genetic structure of local residents.

Grain was stored in grain silos, not that different from how grain is still stored today, it simply needs to be kept cool and dry

Fruits and other vegetables were either eaten immediately or made into preserves of sugar and salt or pickled in vinegar for long term storage. In the growing seasons it could just be left on the vine until needed.

Meats and fish that weren't immediately consumed were either smoked, salted, or dried into jerky.

Underground cellars and natural caves were often used as storage areas since their ambient temperatures are lower than above ground; and though not nearly as effective as refrigeration it was still helpful in extending food storage limitations

Some foods were also simply allowed to grow mold. Moldy cheese or moldy pickling jars would simply have the mold cut off or scooped out and than the rest of the food beneath the mold would be consumed

The term Hellenism refers to the spread of Greek influence in the Middle East after the partition of Alexander the Great's conquests into Greek kingdoms. These covered present day Turkey, Syria, Lebanon Palestine and Egypt. It was more about the absorption of Greek culture by the cultures in these areas, rather than a blending of cultures. The Romans also got hellenised.

The period after Alexander was known as the Hellenistic age. His generals divided his empire up between them and continued Alexander's policy of introducing Greek culture to the conquered lands. The generals set themselves up as kings of their territory - we call them today the Hellenistic Kingdoms.

If Helios had notice that his cattle was gone then whoever killed his cattle would be killed by Helios. This was shown in the odessey when all of the odysseuss men dies because they ate the cattle.

Their citizen armies and fleets, the walls of their cities, and mutual defence alliances with friendly other city-states.

Spartans

The order of these historical events were 1) the golden age of Greece, 2) the fall of the Roman empire, 3) crusades, 4) renaissance.

First of all, we should note that only Athens and a few other city-states were ever democracies. The vast majority of Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchies or oligarchies and not by elections. However, in Athenian democracy, all of the citizens voted on policies, which made Athens a direct democracy.

Greek vases were made out of a substance called terracota, wich is made out of clay and other minerals.

Although the stories are supposed to tell of events in the 12th Century BCE, they were eventually written down, after cursive writing was developed, in the 8th Century BCE and generally reflect the political and social conditions of that latter era, which underlies the superficial 'kings' of an earlier era. The farmers who owned and tilled the land employed a 'hero' warrior to organise and lead defence against predatory nomads, pirates and neighbours. The 'hero' lived in princely style on the high defensible ground, and there the people could take refuge in time of threat. As employer, however, their council directed the activity of the 'hero'.

Outside these farming communities in the mainland and islands were the pirates, a quite respectable profession, and necessary when you look at the barren, rocky islands they lived on. Indeed the story of the attack on Troy is that of a great 10 year pirate raid by early Greeks - the Achaeans - on the coast and islands of Asia Minor, which they looted for ten years culminating with the rich prize of the trading city of Troy in the tenth year.

The nomads, which the Greeks themselves had been when they moved in, in successive waves, and took over Greece from the Mycenaean inhabitants after the time of the reputed Trojan War (12th Century BCE), had become settled on the land by the time Homer wrote the Iliad and Odyssey in the late 8th Century BCE. And being prolific breeders, the limited arable land could not support their expanding populations, so they established colonies all around the Mediterranean in Southern Europe, North Africa and Western Asia to support them, which explains the spread of the Greek world.

It was a world of subsistence farmers who were also fighters to defend their land and take the land of others. They lived a precarious life on their tiny farms, fought to protect or plunder, and progressively began developing and borrowing a civilisation which came to lead the world in building, the arts, science, trade, government, warfare and callous butchery.

Sufficient land to support the population, access to fresh water, a stable form of government, an army comprising the citizens who are willing to defend the land, a central fortification as refuge under invasion, a city usually walled, access to a river or sea for trade.

Yes, many. The Greeks fought wars constantly with each other and with outsiders. The Trojan War happened so long ago that it is difficult to glean truth from myth, but the two Persian Wars are fairly well documented, and there is a very good account of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The dreaded Philistines of the Old Testament (Judges and Kings I) may have been expatriate Greeks. The Greeks continued to fight many wars with the Persians whom they finally subdued, and later with the Romans who finally subdued them.

Historians are still trying to gather information about them. The data is slim and only funeral items have been found. What is known is that they came into northern Italy and took over the area from 3 tribes living there. They traded with the Greek colonies in the south and made 12 city states. They built Rome.

Foodstuffs, minerals, textiles, manufactured goods, slaves.

There were 500 people in the Athenian democracy. Each year 500 citizens were chosen to participate in the Atheninan democracy.

The Greek word is polis, from which we derive today such words as politics, political, politicians etc.

im pretty sure that they used roman numerals

I don't know all the minor Greek Gods and Goddesses, but I do know a few.

Achelois

Achelous

Aeolus

Aether

Alastor

Alcyone

Alectrona

Amphitrite

Antheia

Aphaea

Aristaeus

Asclepius

Bia

Boreas

Brizo

Caerus

Calypso

Celaeno

Ceto

Chaos

Charon

Chronos

Circe

Clotho

Cybele

Dinlas

Doris

Eileithya

Eireisone

Eectra

Elpis

Eos

Erebus

Eris

Eros

Eurus

Glaucus

Harmonia

Hebe

Hecate

Helios

Hemera

Heracles

Hesperus

Hygea

Hymenaios

Hypnos

Iris

Khione

Kotys

Lacheses

Maia

Mania

Merope

Momus

Morpheus

Nemesis

Nereus

Notus

Nike

Nyx

Pallas

Peitha

Pheme

Phosphorus

Plutus

Pontus

Priapus

Proteus

Sterope

Styx

Taygete

Thantos

Themis

Triton

Tyche

Zelus

Zephyrus

That is all I really know, but most I don't know what they represent.

Hope this helps!

Sparta did not win the war, the coalition of city-states it led did. After the war, the coalition broke up, and the city-states went back to their usual occupation for fighting each other. Sparta lost traction as it had lost too much of its military manpower, and was eventually defeated by Thebes, and ceased to be a principal power.

Plato was one of the early stars of Western philosophy. The son of an aristocrat, he studied under the great Greek thinker, Socrates. After years of travel and study, Plato founded the Academy in his native Athens in 387 B.C.; it became a famous hotbed of philosophical and scientific discussion, and is regarded by many as the first known university in the world. Plato's writings mostly take the form of dialogues, or "dialectics," in which knowledge is revealed as two characters ask and answer questions of each other. (Socrates was often one of the characters.) Plato's text The Republic, in which he lays out his ideas on the perfect state, remains a staple of college reading lists around the world.