Ancient Greece

They ate pickles and then pooped sparkles.

The jury was the arbitrtor - no judges or lawyrs - deciin both guilt and sentece. They comprised several hundred members, so their decision was efectvely an opnion poll of the whole Athenian population.

And in such a small area and population as was Athens, jurors knew just about everything of what was going on in the community, so both prosecutors and defendants had to keep their cases pretty clean to avoid alienating a wised-up jury.

The underlying problem was the jury composition - the members were mostly comprisd of the old men - they had the time to do jury service as they did not have to leave farm/trade/businss to serve, but wanted the fee for service. This was a mixed blessing - the wisdom and experience of age, but also the lower part of the population who wanted the money rather han a true cross-secton of the populatio to give true 'opinion poll' decisions.

Athens formed and empire out of the cities it had led against the Persians, and used this to try to oppress its neighbours, resulting in the devastating 27-year Peloponnesian War, which it lost and was reduced to a second rate power.

The scientific revolution reflected the values of ancient Greeks as both parties wanted to discover the workings of the world and how to hone these workings in ways that would help their society. Despite this, both parties also shared a high interest in their own religious beliefs as well.

Ancient Greece

they can fly!

It was a turning point in the invasion of Greece by Persia.

It was not a turning point in Greek history - yet another of the innumerable battles fought by the Greeks, most of which were, and continued to be, between each other.

The largest numeral unit in Greek was M, equal to 1000.

Sometimes when a number was a multiple of 1000, the Greeks would place a horizontal bar across the top of a number to indicate it meant 1000's. For example,

__

XV would equal 15,000

When the invasion by Xerxes became imminent in 480 BCE, the city-states met in a council to determine their strategy. There were some difficulties they had to overcome: * First, Xerxes' agents had alread been through Greece in a softening up campaign, with bribes and promising dissident factions in the cities that they would become the rulers of their cities under his overall rule. The council was therefore unsure who was reliable and who had 'Medised', but certainly suspected cities such as the Thessalians and Thebes which would be the first to be run over by Xerxes' forces and therefore most likely to switch sides. * Second, Xerxes had a superior fleet (drawn from Phoenicia, the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the islands, and Egypt). This gave him the amphibious capability to attack any of the cities near the coast (which most were) one by one. So the cities were reluctant to send out their armies to a joint force against the invasion, but kept them at home to defend their cities. The states of the Peloponnese talked of building a wall across the Isthmus of Corinth, and sending some of their soldiers to man it, but this was a sham as the Persian fleet could simply outflank this and land soldiers directly at the cities, and the contingents would never actually be released from their cities. Athens knew it was exposed, and made plans to evacuate the city, sending the families to cities in the Peloponnese for sanctuary, with all its manpower, including its infantry, manning its 200 warships. Athens and Sparta sent an expeditionary force of 100 ships and 10,000 infantry north to the pass at Tempe to act as a delaying force and stiffen the resolve of the northern city-states. The king of Macedonia, who had no option but to side with Xerxes, sent secret word to them that Xerxes intended to bypass this by cutting an inland road, so this expedition was withdrawn. The plan was then resolved that the only way to free the southern cities to come out and fight was to destroy the Persian amphibious capability. As the Persian fleet was almost twice the size of the Greek one, and had larger ships, it was determined to arrange to engage it in narrow waters so that the Greeks would not be overwhelmed. The strait between the island of Euboea and the mainland was selected, and small forces sent from several of the cities to block the land route at the Thermopylae pass to force the Persians to send their fleet through the strait nearby to outflank the land blockage. The pass was held for three days, and on each day a naval engagement was fought, with the combined Greek fleet coming off second best. It was withdrawn to the Strait at Salamis for a second attempt there, which was successful. The Persian amphibious capacity was broken, and Xerxes could not even protect his sea supply line and had to take half his army home as the countryside could not support them over winter. As planned, no longer threatened by Persian amphibious attacks, the cities of the south joined their forces at Plataia the following spring and defeated the remaining half of Persian army and its Greek allies. At the same time the Greek fleet destroyed the rump of the Persian fleet at Mykale in Asia Minor.
By xerxis trying to take over the greek empire

It was not the Greeks, it was the Greek city-state of Athens with its allty Plataia.

As their infantry army could not face the Persian cavalry, they waited in the hills until they saw the cavalry being embarked on ships and departing. They ran down to the plain and defeated the infrior Persian infantry.

Realising then where the Persian cavalry was going - to land near Athens and gallop up to the city where traitors would open the gates for them with the Athenian army at Marathon - they ran back over the hills in time to form up in front of the city just as the cavalry disembarked. Frustrated, the Persians reembarked and went home.

The 26 miles the Athenian warriors ran became the basis for today's Marathon run. The Athenian soldiers did it much tougher, having to carry their weapons and armour as well.

Architecture, religion, theatre, art, pottery, endless warfare.

I don't know what the answer is cause i am the one who asked it cause i didn't know....

Phalanx formations stretched over the battlefield. Usually, the right flank was guarded by elite troops. Choices were sometimes made to have a heavier right or left flank by adding troops in depth and width, thus creating more force of push against the opposing enemy. This enabled the hoplite phalanx or macedonian phalanx to turn and overrun the enemy line followed by an attack in the flank or rear of the enemy lines of battle. Light skirmisher troop usually proteced flanks or stood to the rear to fire at the enemies within small gaps in the line. Greeks were true infantry men and cavalry was often used for skirmishing or recon. Macedonians however were strong cavalry men that used different type of cavalry to overwhelm and harass the enemy. For Greek warfare the book of homer give accurate descriptions of how a battle would have looked if you can manage to think their Greek gods out of the picture.

Religious festivals in honour of the gods were two types - athletics and theatre. The Olympics and others eg Nemean, Isthmian Games, were athletics.

Theatre was the centrepiece of festivals at many cities - eg the Athenian Dionysius festival. At these festivals the plays consisted of a few actors and a chorus. The chorus sang and danced parts of the story of the plays to complement the actors' roles.

Each play had three main actors accompanied by a chorus which sang and danced in support.

Any citizen was eligible to participate.

Some people think Homer's character was in the Odyssey, because the name Homer is often associated with the Odyssey. It is a misunderstanding.

Homer (Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is best known as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. He was believed by the ancient Greeks to have been the first and greatest of the epic poets. Author of the first known literature of Europe, he is central to the Western canon.

When he lived, as well as whether he lived at all, is unknown. He may have been a mythical figure. If he was a real person, he may have lived between 1100 BCE and 850 BCE.

The ancient Athenian marketplace was called the Agora. I'm not quite sure what they called it in Sparta

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Ancient Argos had a monarchy. A monarchy is a form of government with only one ruler.

People in Ancient Egypt lived in houses, the size depending on their wealth and class.

They lived along the river. They slept in special rooms, in the sitting room, or on the roof.

Zeus was the greek god of weather