Ancient Wars

Emperor Trajan took the areas of present day Iraq in 116 AD. When he died his successor, Emperor Hadrian relinquished the conquests. Lucius Verus, co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, conquered northern Mesopotamia in 166. The Persians fought a war and retook it in 240. Timetheus, a provincial governor won it back for Rome in 243.

Virgil wrote the Eclogues, a collection of 10 poems. Thepoemswere not about celebratingAugustus'giftof land to veterans. It was about theexpropriations of landed estates carried out near northernItaliantowns to give land to the veterans. His family's farmland in his native Padua was also expropriated.Virgil expressed the feelings that brutal expropriations create. The poems are fictional, dramatised in a pastoral setting. Theyprobablyconfronted the theme, rather tan provide autobiographical content

Persia began to give money to the Spartan alliance, which enabled them to mount a war fleet which could match the hitherto dominant Athenian fleet.

The Spartan alliance destroyed the Athenian fleet at Aigospotami, the Athenians were confined to their city wals and starved into surrender.

First the obvious, they were Roman armies, other nations had their own troops. The Romans seemed, at least to their opponents, to have unlimited resources of manpower. Even after the disastrous defeat at Canae, Rome was able to field another army. The Roman army was not only trained physically, but they also had psychological training in that their commander, in his pep talk before a battle pointed out to the men that they could not be defeated and he would give the reasons. Even if the Romans lost a battle, they would come back at the enemy as many times as needed for a victory. This grit or determination to win was a major factor in every action of the Roman army.

A 27 year war between Athens and its empire, and Sparta and its allies (known as the Peloponnesian League). Athens lost , was stripped of its empire, and became a second rate power in the Greek world.

Conservative politician Thucydides son of Melesias was orstacised (exiled for 10 years) ending his struggle for political supremacy in Athens with Pericles.

I say the Battle of Hwangsanbeol, the armies of Bakje fought to the death, literally, and inflicted higher casulties on the opposing Silla armies, for Bakje was out numbered 10-1 the silla forces were 50,000 and bakje had 5,000. And on the western side of the country of bakje, the Tang dystanty sent 130,000 men to help Silla destroy bakje, so General Gyebaek leader of the hopeless army, knowing he would lose, inspired his men to make an epic stand. It was one of the few times in history the losing force ever fought to the death

I can also speak of The Battle of Thermopylae. The 300 Spartans under the command of Leonidas fought to the death even when they knew there was no chance of wining against the Persian army.

3-4 months because the Romans used the pre-existing bedrock as a foundation .

the Romans fought a lot of people. Carthage (modern day Tunisia) was a major enemy of Rome, also the Greek city states and the different tribes to the north of Rome (the Gaul's, Germans, Saxons etc.) were worthy enemy's to Rome.

Athens led the anti-Persian league of a couple of hundred Greek city-states - the Delian League - levying financial contributions to maintain the fleet it provided as its core. After peace was arranged with the Persian Empire, Athens continued the levy, by force if necessary, and spent the money on itself, creating an empire of its own. It used its power and money to interfere in the affairs of Greek cites outside its empire, and so came into collision with the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.

This war spread well beyond mainland Greece to Asia Minor in the east and Sicily in the west, which stopped an early resolution as Sparta had expected. It came to an end when Persia got back at Athens by financing a Peloponnesian fleet to match Athens' fleet, which was defeated, and Athens, isolated and starving had to surrender. Athens was stripped of it's empire and thereafter became a second rate power.

The Dark Ages is an old fashioned term which refers to the Middle Ages, the period that came after the fall of the roman Empire. It was usedbecasueit was held that after the fall of the empire, Europe descended into a period ofculturaldecline and anarchy.Nowadays the term is avoided because of its negative connotations and because it is misleading.Historiansnow highlight the fact that during the Middle Ages there were two periods ofculturalrevival. They arecalledtheCarolingianRenaissance, which occurred under Charlemagne, and the Renaissance of the 12th Century.

The policy of tolerance of the customs and religions of the conquered peoples made Roman rule more acceptable to them and decreased the risk of rebellion. In addition to this, the Romans also allowed the elites of the conquered peoples to run local affairs and to use their customary laws locally. This also decreased the administrative load of the provincial governors, whose role was defence and the maintenance of the legions stationed in their province, tax collection, public works and resolving disputes the locals were not able to sort out themselves.

Egypt was never protected from invasion. Lots of countries invaded Egypt, the most famous are the Greeks, Romans, Ottoman Empire, Mameluke, French, British, Germans up to El Alamein, and Israelis up to the Suez Canal.

Well according to Thusydides it was the fear and jealousy of Athens, the Pentecontaetia incident where the attempt to prevent Athens from rebuilding its walls was rebuffed, the resettlements of rebel helots by Athens on a strategic city of Naupactus and the corcyraen incidents.

The immediate incidents that led up to the war. The corcyraean incident, the siege of Potidaea and the Megarian degree.

note: Different sources have different views on the causes or place a higher regard for some in complaisant to others.

http://www.answers.com/Peloponnesian%20war

Roman expansion in the Mediterranean during the Republic was a process that unfolded over time and was the product of a series of separate events, rather than a grand design of conquest.

Originally the Romans expanded into Italy. They then fought the First Punic War against the Carthaginians over the control of Sicily and as a result of the war also gained control of Sardinia and Corsica. This, apart from concerns about the Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic Sea (next door to Italy) could have been the end of Roman expansion.

Things changed when Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, sparked the Second Punic war and attacked Italy from his power base in Spain. By winning this war, Rome gained control of the western basin of the Mediterranean. The conquest of Greece was the result of Rome getting drawn into the conflicts between Greek states. Western Turkey came under Roman control because it had Greek states who were Roman allies. These expansions were not part of a previous design, or a Roman decision to conquer the Mediterranean. It was the result of how things developed. By this time, Rome was the main power in the Mediterranean and did not necessarily need to conquer the whole of the lands around this sea to maintain hegemony.

Further expansion started when the king of Pontus, in northeast Turkey, started a war against Rome and tried to get the Greek states to rebel against Rome. This lead to the Mithridatic Wars which Rome won, taking over the rest of Turkey. Successive expansion was due to concerns about political instability in the lands near the new borders of the empire. Syria was decaying and was torn by civil war. The Romans annexed Syria to ensure political stability in the area. Civil wars, this time among the Jews, was the reason for Roman intervention in Judaea. Rome sided with one faction and s

The Romans had a very well developed army. It was one of the first organized army. They had armor plated uniforms. powerful weapons such as the scorpion crossbow. Had the first military ranks too

none

Darius was a Persian.

No city won.

The Sparta alliance with Persian backing defeated the Athens alliance or empire.

They first defeated a Persian force at Granicus and massacred the Greek mercenaries hired by the Persians to give them the armoured infantry they lacked - this stopped Greeks hiring themselves out in future, and so left the Persian unarmoured infantry to face Macedonian armoured soldiers.

They then captured the coast of the eastern Mediterranean Sea which stopped Persia operating naval forces against mainland Greece, thus securing their home cities and source of recruits while they fought in Asia.

They then defeated the Persian main force at Issus and captured the Persian treasury, giving them the financial resources to pay and feed their soldiers and augment their mercenary archers, light infantry and cavalry..

With this augmented force they then attacked the main Persian force again at Gaugamela and defeated it decisively. Coordinated resistance ended and they picked off the rest of the Persian piece by piece over the following few years.

Nominally, to thrash the Britons who were helping the Gauls. Also to get brownie points within Rome's politics by having a victory. Note that Julius Caesar did not actually conqueur Britain, but a Roman expedition nearly 100 years later did.

As reported by Greek and Roman epic poetry the Trojan War lasted about 10 years.