Ancient Wars

After three wars spanning 120 years, Rome adopted a 'final solution' of selling the Carthaginians into slavery, and turning the city and its land into a resettlement colony for its retired veterans.

He was trying to unify the peoples of the ex-Persian empire with merging his Macedonianand Greek army with the upper-classes of Persian society. This was however largely symbolic, as he also brought in Greek culture and established many cities after the Greek model to 'civilise' the Persians and other peoples within the empire.

This was fairly successful for a time until the empire began to fall apart after his death. The Hellenisation of the succeeding kingdoms his successors set up was largely confined to a veneer of the urban upper classes.

Most of the Persian defeats in the 50 years of warfare between the Greek city-states and Persia were either sea or sea-land battles, not land battles involving just the army.

The single land battle of Plataia in 469 BCE was won by the Greek forces sticking defeating the inferior unsupported Persian infantry.

Italy has been involved in many wars since becoming a country in the 19th Century. The Boxer Rebellion, World War 1, The Spanish Civil War, World War 2, and the Persian Gulf War are some of them.

He had no clear heir, so his Macedonian generals took the provinces for themselves, declared themselves kings and fought amongst each other.

These we call the Hellenistic Kingdoms because they introduced a veneer of Greek government and culture within them.

The battle has no importance today. It is an interesting historical story.

City of Lagash versus city of Umma, Uruk vs Kish and Nippur, Sargon's conquest of Mesopotamia, Guti overthrow of the Akkadian empire, Persian capture of Mesopotamia etc etc

The invasion by king of Macedonia Alexander the Great, who turned the empire into an empire of his own.

Persia sent a punitive expedition against Eretria and Athens for their interference in Asia Minor. Eretria was taken when traitors opened the gates. The Persians then moved on to Athens, landing on the Plain of Marathon. The Athenians waited in the hills for reinforcement from Sparta, out of reach of the Persian cavalry. After 10 days, they saw the Persian cavalry being loaded onto ships. They took the opportunity and ran down and defeated the inferior Persian infantry without its cavalry protection.

The evolution of tools and weapons in most every ancient culture followed a logical progression. Ancient man first began mmaking tools out of things he found around him. Stone was most prevalent and worked pretty well but had limitations. Stone is heavy and difficult to shape. It certainly has limits when it comes to recycling as well - if you break it you have to fabricate a new one. The next logical step was to create tools from natural copper. It was easy to hammer into shape and could be reformed if/when necessary. Tools could also be smaller and lighter. After a time, the process of heating, melting etc was developed which made casting of copper objects easier. Temperatures needed for the process are fairly low compared to those necessary to melt materials like iron. As man experimented with copper he found that adding other metals to the copper would change its properties, making it harder, sharper etc. Thus bronze in its various forms became prevalent and highly sought after as the technological zenith of the time. It wasn't until around the 11th century BCE that man first began using iron. As with copper, he started by hammering iron that was found in nature, primarily from meteorites, into usable tools that were superior to the bronze. Once furnace technology developed that was capable of melting iron, the bronze age ended. In China - Iron weapons were being produced en masse by around 550 BCE and within 200-300 years had completely replaced the bronze.

Yes, many. The Greeks fought wars constantly with each other and with outsiders. The Trojan War happened so long ago that it is difficult to glean truth from myth, but the two Persian Wars are fairly well documented, and there is a very good account of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. The dreaded Philistines of the Old Testament (Judges and Kings I) may have been expatriate Greeks. The Greeks continued to fight many wars with the Persians whom they finally subdued, and later with the Romans who finally subdued them.

Sparta did not win the war, the coalition of city-states it led did. After the war, the coalition broke up, and the city-states went back to their usual occupation for fighting each other. Sparta lost traction as it had lost too much of its military manpower, and was eventually defeated by Thebes, and ceased to be a principal power.

First Peloponnesian War happened in -460.

It was a turning point in the invasion of Greece by Persia.

It was not a turning point in Greek history - yet another of the innumerable battles fought by the Greeks, most of which were, and continued to be, between each other.

When the invasion by Xerxes became imminent in 480 BCE, the city-states met in a council to determine their strategy. There were some difficulties they had to overcome: * First, Xerxes' agents had alread been through Greece in a softening up campaign, with bribes and promising dissident factions in the cities that they would become the rulers of their cities under his overall rule. The council was therefore unsure who was reliable and who had 'Medised', but certainly suspected cities such as the Thessalians and Thebes which would be the first to be run over by Xerxes' forces and therefore most likely to switch sides. * Second, Xerxes had a superior fleet (drawn from Phoenicia, the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the islands, and Egypt). This gave him the amphibious capability to attack any of the cities near the coast (which most were) one by one. So the cities were reluctant to send out their armies to a joint force against the invasion, but kept them at home to defend their cities. The states of the Peloponnese talked of building a wall across the Isthmus of Corinth, and sending some of their soldiers to man it, but this was a sham as the Persian fleet could simply outflank this and land soldiers directly at the cities, and the contingents would never actually be released from their cities. Athens knew it was exposed, and made plans to evacuate the city, sending the families to cities in the Peloponnese for sanctuary, with all its manpower, including its infantry, manning its 200 warships. Athens and Sparta sent an expeditionary force of 100 ships and 10,000 infantry north to the pass at Tempe to act as a delaying force and stiffen the resolve of the northern city-states. The king of Macedonia, who had no option but to side with Xerxes, sent secret word to them that Xerxes intended to bypass this by cutting an inland road, so this expedition was withdrawn. The plan was then resolved that the only way to free the southern cities to come out and fight was to destroy the Persian amphibious capability. As the Persian fleet was almost twice the size of the Greek one, and had larger ships, it was determined to arrange to engage it in narrow waters so that the Greeks would not be overwhelmed. The strait between the island of Euboea and the mainland was selected, and small forces sent from several of the cities to block the land route at the Thermopylae pass to force the Persians to send their fleet through the strait nearby to outflank the land blockage. The pass was held for three days, and on each day a naval engagement was fought, with the combined Greek fleet coming off second best. It was withdrawn to the Strait at Salamis for a second attempt there, which was successful. The Persian amphibious capacity was broken, and Xerxes could not even protect his sea supply line and had to take half his army home as the countryside could not support them over winter. As planned, no longer threatened by Persian amphibious attacks, the cities of the south joined their forces at Plataia the following spring and defeated the remaining half of Persian army and its Greek allies. At the same time the Greek fleet destroyed the rump of the Persian fleet at Mykale in Asia Minor.
By xerxis trying to take over the greek empire

No. The Greek forces were infantry. The Persians had cavalry, but it could not operate in the pass or mountains.

Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies.

A coalition of southern Greek city-states led by Sparta.

After the defeat of the Persian invasion of mainland Greece in 479 BCE, Athens organized an anti-Persian league to protect the cities around the Aegean Sea from Persian intervention. It had its treasury on the island of Delos in the temple of Apollo there. At its peak, there were about 180 city-states in the league, spread around the coast of Asia Minor, Thrace and the Islands, including the islands of Samos, Lesbos, Chios, Rhodes, and such cities as Miletus, Byzantium, Ephesus, Priene etc.

For map, see link:

http://www.bigissueground.com/history/ash-athenianempire.shtml

The battle between Ramesses II and the Hittites was the Battle of Kadesh or Qadesh. This battle took place in 1274 BC, and is most likely the largest chariot battle ever fought.

A revolt by the Greek city-states within the Persian Empire in Asia Minor in 499 BCE.

In battle the soldiers wore the Roman military boots called a "caligae" This was a heavy duty boot which was laced up the center and tied around the ankle. Hobnails were in the soles in a pattern identical to the support in present day training shoes.

They invaded in 480 BCE by marching from Asia Minor through Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly.

They were accompanied by a fleet which kept pace with the ground troops and protected the sea resupply lane.

The Battle of Thermopylae took place in late summer or early fall of 480 B.C.E. In response to the latest Persian invasion of the Greek homeland, a small group of Greek allies, led by a soon-to-be-famous contingent of Spartans, assembled at the choke-point of the pass of Thermopylae in the hope of defeating, or at least delaying, the Persian army approaching from the north.

As a military leader, Cyrus left an everlasting legacy on the art of leadership and decision-making and he attributed his success to "Diversity in counsel, unity in command." Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered. It is said that, in universal history the role of the Achaemenid empirefounded by Cyrus lies in its very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects. In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the work of Cyrus. Aside from his own nation, Iran, Cyrus also left a lasting legacy on Jewish religion (through his Edict of Restoration), human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as on both Eastern and Western civilizations.