Ancient Wars

By leaving government in the hands of the local peoples - city, tribal or petty kings/princes - and having a provincial Roman governor with legions to enforce overall authority and internal and external order and defence, and to ensure that taxes were remitted.

they used the red land a walls to protect the nile river and egyptians the red land was to burn the foes feet and the walls were built to protect the nile river and the people. Then, they used Mesopotamia and the wet sand to make quick-sand by agitating the sand (ex. Mixing quickly). The they hid lava under the sand.

Augustus was successful because he was a master politician. He learned from the mistakes of those who went before him, especially the mistakes of his uncle Julius. A favorite expression of his was "make haste slowly". He realized that he could not just breeze into Rome declaring himself the boss. He knew the changes would have to come gradually, so he gave most of his powers back to the senate, but kept the most important ones for himself. His long life helped him to make this transition from senate to Caesar complete.

While Julius Caesar was governor of the province of Gaul (which then only included southern France, there were rivalries between Gallic peoples beyond this province. In 63 BC, the Sequani and Arverni helped by the Suebi (a Germanic people) defeated and massacred the Aedui who were allies of Rome. They asked Rome for help. The Romans feared that these peoples were going to migrate south, towards Italy. Caesar moved into central Gaul. In response, the Gallic peoples of north-eastern Gaul armed themselves. This led to the Gallic Wars (58-50 BC) in which Caesar conquered Gaul, - which also included Belgium and Holland south of the river Rhine. Caesar also conducted two expeditions in southeastern England .

Alexander the Great earned the sobriquet of "Great" through both the magnitude and the timing of his conquests, as well as through his ruling vision for the conquered area. Never before had such a large conquest been accomplished, nor so quickly. Moreover, his rule of the new empire, although brief, was characterized by an eclecticism (that is, a blending of cultural features from both conquerors and the conquered) that further solidified his successes -- and his legacy as "the Great". Alexander and his army replaced the Greeks as the power in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. He was a Macedonian.

King Darius I sent an expedition in 490 BCE to punish and instal friendly local tyrants in Eretria and Athens in 490 BCE.

180,000 Persians won. This took place in the battle of Thermopylae. Leonidas and his army of 6,000 to 7,000 Spartans but were delayed by the Persians when a Greek traitor showed the Persians how to attack from both sides. Leonidas commanded all of his soldiers to escape except for 300 Spartans.

The Roman Empire covered the following countries:

Western Europe: Italy, Malta, Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland south of the river Rhine, southern Germany and part of central Germany, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Austria and England and Wales.

Eastern Europe: western Hungary, part of western Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and a slither of western Ukraine.

Asia: Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Jordan, and the northern part of the coast of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia. Sometimes the empire also included Iraq.

Africa: Egypt, the coastal part of Libya, Tunisia, the coastal part of Algeria, and northern Morocco.

As with most people, Augustus was complex. He was an able administrator, but he was also capable of duplicitous behavior. He appears to have justified questionable acts by believing what he did was good for Rome.

It's not. The Romans would have conquered the Greeks if they were stuffed into the same world. There were way more strategists in the roman times, and strategy had developed way beyond what the Greeks could have understood. Greece was not a larger empire, only at it largest under Alexander and still not as big. Most the countries he conquered were that of a lower stature than his own. Most of them just tried to overrun him, and the few that attempted strategy were so bad at it they just got overwhelmed. Alexanders military grew with each conquering. The more countries conquered the easier it becomes. He only stopped because his troops wanted to go home. Most in roman times understood about strategy and learned it before they were allowed to command an army. Roman milatary was far better than greek milatary

Decelean War they lost 10,000 hoplites of their own and the allies, while in Sicily 40,000 and 260 ships.

43,000 Greeks listed as killed in battle proper - again, a fraction of the true total

For Athenian 5,470 hoplites killed in battle, along with at least 12,600 from the poorer thetic class

The invading Persians at the battles of Plataea and Mycale.

Alliances in Greece changed. For example several times Sparta and Athens fought on the same side, at others on opposing sides. Similarly at times Sparta and Thebes fought together, at other times were opponents. Generally Sparta was allied to other Doric city-states, though again this was not a hard and fast rule.

And although Persia was usually an opponent of the Greek city-states, it was Persian financial support which enabled Sparta and its allies to get a competent fleet in the Peloponnesian War and defeat Athens.

Please be careful, you may confuse Tibet with Tibetan Plateau, they are two different concepts. Tibetan Plateau encompass a fraction of India's territory. Despite some unsolved problems with the boundary of the two countries, Tibet has nothing to do with India. Tibet is a part of China.

It made the Greek states weaken because many people died in fighting and many farms were destroyed. Thousands of people were left without jobs. The war also made it impossible for the Greeks to reunite and work together again.

A legionary's job was first of all to follow orders. Besides marching and weapons training, a soldier had to care for his own equipment, cook his own food and pay for his own clothing. In addition, they were generally assigned to some building project, or some work that benefited the fort (if they were stationed in one) , such as running a water mill, making ceramic pipes for aqueducts, overseeing grain grinding and distribution and in many cases policing the town that usually grew up around a Roman fort. If he were literate and caught the attention of a superior, he could be assigned a clerical job. The Roman militarty was like a mini society in itself and much of their work or jobs were the same as the civilian contractors.

Athens converted the Delian League which it had led against the Persians in the latter phase of the war into and empire of its own.

Athens ripped off this empire and spent the proceeds on glorifying itself and putting half its citizens on the public payroll.

It also used the fleet it maintained to control its empire to intrude into other Greek cities and provoked the Peloponnesian War, which it lost and was stripprd of its empire.

The first catapults appeared in Greek times (400 BC-300 BC), early adopters being Dionysius of Syracuse and Onomarchus of Phocis. Alexander the Great introduced the idea of using them to provide cover on the battlefield in addition to using them during sieges. Catapults were more fully developed in Roman and Medieval times, with the trebuchet being introduced a relatively short time before the advent of gunpowder, which made the catapult obsolete. Cannons replaced catapults as the standard siege weapon in Europe in the 14th century. During medieval times, catapults and related siege machines were the first weapons used for biological warfare. The carcasses of diseased animals and those who had perished from the Black Death or other diseases were loaded up and then thrown over the castle's walls to infect those barricaded inside. There have even been recorded instances of beehives catapulted over castle walls. During the trench warfare of the First World War, smaller catapults were used to throw hand grenades across no man's land into enemy trenches before being replaced by mortars.

The Persians had part of the Greek world within its empire, and these cites were restive and called in their mother-cities in peninsular Greece to intervene. Persia decided to incorporate these mainland cities within its empire under friendly local tyrants to restore peace.

Some of the mainland cities came to terms with Persia, the southern ones resisted. Persia invaded.

The Persians were repelled, and sporadic warfare ensued. After fifty years, peace was arranged and the Persians agreed to stay out of Greek affairs. They went back to controlling their previous territories and promoting peace and prosperity within them.

The Greek cities were then able to go back to their usual occupation of fighting each other.

Triremes, same as the Greeks

They used spears, swords, pikes, and chariots along with siege machines.

Their helmets and greaves were made of bronze Shields were made of leather and bronze Swords and spearheads were made of iron.

The Peloponesian Leagueled by Sparta defeathe the league/empire led by Athens, and Athens was stripped of the revenue it exacted from it empire amd so was no lomger able to dominate the Greek world.

Athens led the League during the latter stage of the Persian War 478 to 449 BCE, and after peace was arranged in 449 BCE, it converted the League into an empire of its own, continuing to levy the annual war funds by force, and spending the proceeds on itself, glorifying the city and putting half its citizens on the public payroll.