Astrophysics

Sailors were and are able to use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate the seas because of the consistency of its orientation. The simple device known as a compass, which is used to indicate the direction of the Earth's magnetic field, contributes to navigational cues by giving an orientation of the ship through the act of comparison to the direction of the Earth's magnetic field, thus yielding useful information about the direction in which the ship sails. Unlike celestial bodies which can also be exploited to provide navigational information, the compass usually operates day or night and regardless of whether the sky is overcast. There are of course nuances in the operation of the compass, such as variation and deviation - allowances for slight local changes in geomagnetic force and differences between true north and magnetic north depending on global position (such as latitude).

Astronomers typically measure the mass of a black hole by observing the movement of nearby stars or gas clouds affected by its gravitational pull. The size of a black hole's event horizon, known as the Schwarzschild radius, can also provide an estimate of its mass when combined with other observations. Additionally, the gravitational lensing effect caused by a black hole bending light can be used to indirectly estimate its mass.

Being pulled into a black hole would result in a process known as spaghettification, where the gravitational forces would stretch and compress your body into a long, thin shape like noodles. The intense tidal forces near the black hole would ultimately tear you apart into atoms as you approach the singularity at the center of the black hole.

Massive objects, such as stars and planets, create a gravitational field that distorts the space and time around them. This distortion causes objects to follow curved paths near the massive object, as described by Einstein's theory of general relativity. Essentially, the presence of mass causes space and time to warp in a way that influences the motion of other objects nearby.

No - In fact, the hypothetical concept of a wormhole is the pairing of black hole with a white hole to create a "shortcut" (tube or tunnel) through SpaceTime. Also known as an Einstein-Rosen Bridge, a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of SpaceTime, which, if it were even possible, would be too unstable to be maintained. Therefore a wormhole would not be "suck up" by a black hole, because the wormhole is an extension of a black hole. Rather wormholes would independently destabilize and evaporate, allowing the black hole to continue on into existence.

Per Einstein's General Theory, which is the theory of gravitation, gravity affects space itself. A black hole (or any mass) by way of analogy is like a weight on a rubber sheet which stretches the sheet; in this sense a black hole is shown to 'stretch' space to an extreme curvature or gradient which is effectively infinite.

Rotating black holes are also calculated to evidence a phenomenon called frame-dragging, in which the space itself around them in spinning in the same direction as that of the black hole.

No, the black hole will swallow it because it's gravity is much stronger than the blue giant star.

Light is energy without a rest mass -

but it does have a mass equivalent due to the energy it contains.

A black hole warps the space around itself, thus causing "light rays" to be bent toward it.

Black holes are not infinitely small, the radius of a black hole is the Planck length (1.62*10-35m). The reason, however, for this incredibly small distance is gravity. When large masses (such as those associated with black holes) accumulate, the mass pulls on other mass around it. With such a large mass, the pull becomes very large and all the other mass is pulled in more causing the radius to reduce. This continues to happen as more and more mass is added to the black hole, the stronger the pull and the smaller and smaller it becomes.

The actual presence of the gas cloud's contents will absorb certain wavelengths of Light, preventing the passage of certain photons through the cloud, that results in that Light not reaching us - producing a blank line in the observed spectrum.

Think about that question. When you say nothing that means that there is nothing to measure the speed of. And nothing can move faster than light, nothing, There is a fixed amount of speed something can have. As speed increases time slows down and at light speed no time passes therefore it is impossible for anything or "nothing" in your questions case can move faster than light.

Then again im only 15 so i could wrong but i am answering to the best of my knowladge.

The three extra groups on the H-R diagram are white dwarfs, red giants, and supergiants. These groups represent stars in different stages of their evolution based on their luminosity and temperature. White dwarfs are small, hot stars near the end of their life cycle, red giants are large, cool stars in the later stages of their life cycle, and supergiants are massive, luminous stars.

Most generally, someone who studies the universe is an astronomer. If you are thinking specifically about the ideas about how it all evolved, then you'd say a cosmologist.

Yes , they are created when a star implodes (opposite of Explodes) .And has a gravitational force strong enough to curve a beam of light into it.

Some also believe that black holes are at the center of every galaxy including our own and they have been inderectly observed as well. Also know as a singularity, their gravitational pull is so vast that not even light can excape...hence the term 'black hole'.

They were first inferred when astrologists noticed stars near the centers of galaxies rotating around a center at much higher speeds than should have been possible without something with the gravitational force as a black hole.

An astronaut's workplace is typically in space, aboard a spacecraft such as the International Space Station (ISS). They conduct experiments, maintenance work, and other tasks required for missions while in microgravity. Prior to spaceflight, astronauts also train on Earth in specialized facilities.

The matter inside a black hole is believed to be concentrated in a singularity of infinite density rather than being distributed throughout the space inside the event horizon (Penrose, et. al). It may be point-like, or ring 'shaped' for a spinning black hole. The rules of how it gets there seem to be governed by gravity; however, our understanding of physics at this time is insufficient to completely describe spacetime and the laws in effect at the singularity; matter there itself is suggested to be in an exotic state not yet fully described.

Roger Penrose contributed significantly to the description of physical processes involved in the formation of black holes from massive stars, and the nature of their singularities (which Hawking subsequently extended into formal theorems). He also developed theories regarding the ability to observe them ("cosmic censorship").

As you fall into a black hole, you would experience extreme tidal forces that stretch and compress your body in the process known as spaghettification. Eventually, you would be pulled into the singularity at the center of the black hole, where the laws of physics as we know them break down. Time and space would be infinitely curved, leading to your obliteration.

Remember that Supernovas are great contributors to interstellar material that forms new stars. The star which explodes to supernova will leave either a pulsar or a black hole depending on its mass. Part of the supernova will scatter into space.

The supergiant elliptical galaxy NGC4889 is believed to hold the most massive black hole directly observed, at 21 billion solar masses, although it may be as high as 37 billion solar masses. Other candidates include the Phoenix Cluster's one at 20 billion, and the OJ287 object at around 18 billion. (The size can be calculated from the mass as it is in direct proportion to it.)

Yes, black holes are so massive and dense that their gravity is immensely strong. This gravity is often strong enough to prevent even light from escaping, which is why black holes are known as "black" because they do not emit any visible light.

Neither.

Our Sun will turn into a red giant, and then cool to become a white dwarf.

Matter falling onto a black hole can form an accretion disk heated by friction, forming some of the brightest objects in the universe. These bright objects are indicative of nuclear meltdown due to the stretching and compaction of matter as it nears the event horizon. Preceding the accretion disk, there is a increase in the speed of star revolving about a central black hole as it is gravitationally attracted toward a black hole.

The black hole in the Andromeda galaxy is estimated to be around 140 million times more massive than our sun. It is located at the center of the galaxy and plays a crucial role in shaping its evolution and dynamics.