Australian Colonial Settlement

Gold was discovered in Australia as early as the 1830s, but discoveries were kept secret, for fear of sparking off unrest among the convicts. The government did not want to give convicts motivation to escape. From the very early 1800s, escaped convicts had turned bushranger in order to survive, and there was already an escalating bushranger problem. The bushranging problem continued even after the cessation of transportation in the 1830s.

Also, the discoveries were usually made by farmers who did not want to subject their sheep and cattle runs to a sudden influx of prospectors and lawlessness that would inevitably follow. Early farmers and landowners did not want gold prospectors tramping over their land because their digging would destroy valuable pasture and croplands.

There was also more money to be made in the security of farming than in the dubious chance of finding more gold.

Major Edmund Lockyer arrived as a British soldier in Sydney, New South Wales, in 1825. Later that year, he was given command of an expedition to explore the upper reaches of the Brisbane River. He became the first European to sight coal in the region.

Lockyer later went on to lead an expedition to claim Western Australia for Britain. He established a military base at King Georges Sound which originally bore the name of Frederick's Town: it was later renamed Albany.

Total 1440, convicts 778, therefore Yes, just.

Yes.

Gregory Blaxland and William Lawson were both born and educated in England. Blaxland attended The King's School, Canterbury, while Lawson was known to have been educated in London.

William Wentworth, despite being the son of a convict woman, received a good education, being sent back to England to attend school, firstly in Bletchley, then later the Greenwich school of Dr Alexander Crombie.

The people on the First Fleet first saw the aboriginal people as the ships sailed between the two main heads of Sydney Harbour. The convicts were allowed onto the top deck to have a look. For those who did not see them then, it would have been once they were on land. However, it could have been days, weeks or even months before they saw the indigenous people, as the Aborigines were clever, elusive people who were not seen unless they wanted to be noticed.

3.140

The First Fleet did not affect koalas at all; neither did the second or third fleets. Koalas were not even discovered by the European settlers until January 1799 - eleven years after the arrival of the First Fkeet.

The convicts of the First Fleet had numerous tasks. They were required to clear the land of trees and rocks; cut stone and construct buildings; quarry stone for roads; plough the soil and plant seed; and numerous other trades to help build the colony up to the point of being self-sufficient.

Australian convicts were not ironed.

Possibly this is a reference to them being put into irons, meaning they were shackled in chains. This would occur when they had to work together in chain gangs, quarrying rocks or building roads.

None. The convicts did not settle at Botany Bay, but at Port Jackson.

Stealing.

As a matter of fact, almost 60% of the convicts of the First Fleet were sentenced for theft of items of little value, such as food.

European settlement in Australia was started by British convicts, together with officers, marines and in some cases their families.

It is not known exactly how many dogs were on the First Fleet. Numerous puppies were born during the voyage, and Governor Phillip had several greyhounds with him on board.

No, the Federated States of Micronesia is not a colony but a sovereign country in the North Pacific. Although most if not all member states of the FSM at one point or another, as were most most island countries were before their Independence, were part of some Colonial Empire of Portugal, Spain, Germany, Japan, and to a certain extent the United States of America.

Lachlan Macquarie was appointed Governor of the New South Wales colony in 1808, but he only arrived to take up his position in 1810. He remained Governor until 1821.

Magellan

Prior to the arrival of the First Fleet of convicts from England, Australia was inhabited by an ancient race of people now referred to as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.

The First Fleet did not bring fire ants to Australia. Fire ants were first detected in Australia in Brisbane in 2001. The First Fleet arrived in 1788, before the Brisbane area was even explored.

Sydney has changed greatly over that period of time. In the 1780s there was the colony of New South Wales in the city region. Then there was suburban expansion all over the county of Cumberland. Especially in south-western Sydney

Botany Bay was not settled by the First Fleet of convicts to Australia. The site proved unsuitable for settlement, so there were not actually any living conditions, except for the Australian Aborigines.

The first European settlement in Australia was established at Sydney Cove, in Port Jackson. The conditions were harsh, but Captain Arthur Phillip was a fair disciplinarian. Punishment for misdemeanours might have involved loss or reduction of rations or tobacco, while harsher punishments involved a lashing with the cat-o'-nine-tails, a cruel leather whip with 9 "tails", each with a sharp piece of metal in the end, which would gouge out the skin. A convict might receive 40 lashes or more.

A convict's nationality had a bit to do with how he or she was treated. The Irish were usually political convicts, and as such were suppressed more harshly than the British. Reverend Samuel Marsden, the "flogging parson" earned his nickname because he was determined to beat the Irish people's rebellion out of them.

The convicts were quickly put to work clearing the land and planting crops, which proved unsuccessful because the soil was tough and the British implements were unsuitable for the Australian countryside. Others had to clear the land for roads, quarrying stone suitable for paving the rough roads. Some convicts were assigned as servants to free settlers, and again, some settlers would treat them well, but others would treat them badly. Some convicts earned enough trust and respect to be given a Ticket-of-Leave, which enabled them to move freely within the colony, but they were not truly free until they gained a Free Pardon. They could work at their own jobs or be trained in a trade. After this, they might be assigned some land of their own to farm, or even have earned enough to purchase their own property.

The climate was hot and humid, and completely unfamiliar to people used to much cooler, wetter conditions. Summer storms ripped through the settlement suddenly, pelting the settlers with hailstones and threatening their tents which were the only shelter in the early months. Thick eucalyptus bushland surrounded the settlement, and the early settlers feared attack from the Aborigines, although this was not an issue until the Europeans started the hostilities through their own actions. Unfamiliar animals could be seen skirting the settlement, and of course the convicts and settlers had no understanding of how deadly Australian snakes were.

Tasmania began as a penal colony at Risdon Cove on the Derwent River in 1803 to offset British concerns over the presence of French explorers. A year later it was moved to its current location at Sullivan's Cove. The name Hobart Town was adopted by the colony in June 1804, after Lord Hobart the Colonial Secretary. The colony of Van Diemen's Land was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council, in December 1825. Hobart Town was proclaimed a city on 21 August 1842, and was renamed as Hobart in 1875.