Biotechnology

c-DNA library is a combination of cloned c-DNA(complementary DNA)fragments inserted into a collection of host cells which together constitute some portion of transcriptome(it is a set of all RNA molecules including m-RNA,r-RNA,t-RNA and other non-coding RNA produced in one or a population of cells) of an organism.c-DNA is produced from fully transcribed m-RNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism.

Acid hydrolysis of sucrose involves using acids to break down the sugar molecule, while enzyme invertase specifically catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose. Employing acid hydrolysis would interfere with the enzyme's function by disrupting its structure or activity, ultimately thwarting the experiment’s objective of studying invertase's enzymatic action on sucrose.

The first step of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is denaturation, where the double-stranded DNA template is heated to separate it into two single strands. This step allows the primers to bind to the target sequence during the subsequent steps of the PCR process.

Grinding the liver helps break down the cell membranes and release the cellular contents, including the DNA. This step is necessary to access the DNA trapped inside the liver cells and to make it available for further extraction and analysis.

It would be easier for DNA ligase to reconnect two fragments cut by EcoR1, as both fragments would have compatible overhangs that can anneal together. In the case of one fragment cut by EcoR1 and one cut by HindIII, the overhangs produced by the two enzymes are incompatible, making it more challenging for DNA ligase to join them together.

yes, but there are amino acids can be represented by many codons.

To extract DNA from a person you need it in liquid form (i.e. spit) or if it's from a plant you can just grind up the plant in a blender to open up the cells. You need to add detergent and meat tenderizer. Detergent breaks down the lipid bilayer and meat tenderizer breaks down the protein surrounding the DNA. Let it sit for about 15 minutes so that everything can be broken down. Then add some isopropyl alcohol to it. The alcohol is polarized. It has a positive charge and DNA is negative by nature so it will pull the negative DNA out of everything else. You will see little bubbles or strings of white stuff forming and in a moment you will have clumps of DNA. This is as pure as you can get without being in a lab because they have stronger detergents and enzymes.

Washing cells with PBS helps to remove excess media, serum, and debris before adding trypsin. This helps to increase the efficiency of trypsin digestion and ensures that the trypsin can effectively detach the cells from the culture vessel. Additionally, washing the cells with PBS helps to maintain cell viability during the trypsinization process.

Not really " packaged " in the sense that eukaryotes package their DNA. Prokaryote DNA is diffuse throughout the cell and is in rings. Also other smaller rings, called plasmids, are also part of prokaryote genetic complements.

DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand during DNA replication. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the fragments to create a continuous strand.

Must use the forward and reverse primers to bind to complementary sequence at the 3' end of the template strand - each NEW strand is built in 5' to 3' direction.

They flank the targeted gene region - must attach one to each strand of the target DNA.

A concentration of 70% alcohol is generally preferred for sterilization during plant tissue culture. This is because a 70% solution is more effective at penetrating the cell walls of microorganisms, making it a better option for disinfection. Using absolute alcohol may be too harsh and could damage plant tissues.

It is difficult to determine without more specific details about the experiment. Common issues could include a lack of control group, insufficient sample size, bias in data collection, or flawed methodology. It is important to identify and address any potential flaws to ensure the experiment's validity and reliability.

Folded membrane extending out from the nucleus is known as the endoplasmic reticulum. It plays a critical role in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as the transportation of molecules within the cell. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (with ribosomes attached) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (without ribosomes).

Organisms that are less fit can die before they reproduce. This is statistically more likely for such organisms. Organisms that are less fit have problems getting mates as they are passed over in greater numbers than fit organisms. Organisms that are less fit can not bring the offspring to term and provide as well for the offspring as fit organisms can. Organisms that are less fit pass on to their progeny the genetic insults that they carry, thus their offspring are less fit also. And many other reasons could be thought of here, so you think of some reasons yourself.

kit that is used for dna extraction is called as dna extraction kit here the chemicals that are used for the extaraction are provided in the kit itself many biotech companies are selling those kits

The organelles crucial for these processes are the centrioles, which help in organizing the microtubules involved in chromosome separation, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which are involved in cell elongation and membrane biogenesis during cellular reproduction.

Gait refers to the pattern of movement of the limbs during locomotion. Different animals have different gaits depending on their anatomy and evolutionary adaptations. Common gaits include walking, trotting, galloping, and swimming, each with distinct patterns of limb movement.

First, a specific enzyme is needed to cut the DNA from the donor genes at a specific site. This enzyme is called a restriction enzyme.The enzyme is used to cut out a piece of DNA that contains one or more desired genes from the donor's DNA.

Next, a vector is needed to receive the donor DNA. Most frequently, a naturally occurring circular piece of bacterial DNA, called a plasmid, is used for this purpose.

Finally, an enzyme is used to "stitch" the donor DNA into the plasmid vector. This enzyme is called ligase, and it creates permanent bonds between the donor DNA and the plasmid DNA. The result is that the donor DNA is incorporated into the bacterial plasmid, forming the recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Dolphins may interact with nonliving things in their environment by carrying objects in their mouths, using objects for play or exploration, or even incorporating objects into their social interactions. They are known to be curious creatures that can show interest in various objects found in their habitat.

For long-term storage, it is recommended to use a specialized cryoprotectant like glycerol and freeze the bacterial isolate at temperatures below -70°C in a dedicated freezer, such as a ultra-low temperature freezer. This method helps prevent ice crystal formation and maintain cell viability during storage, which is necessary to preserve the isolate effectively. Simply growing the bacteria in a broth with glycerol and storing in a normal freezer may not provide the necessary conditions for long-term preservation.

Sharks are a type of cartilaginous fish, that is their skeleton is made of cartilage rather than bone.

They belong to the vertebrate subphylum of chondrichthyes.

Stacking gel is used in electrophoresis to concentrate and focus the sample of DNA, RNA, or protein at the top of the separating gel before the separation step begins. This allows for better resolution and separation of the molecules as they move through the gel, resulting in clearer and more accurate results.

solidify is an irreversible

A person who studies the branch of zoology dealing with fish is called an ichthyologist.