Biotechnology

DNA fingerprinting uses variants in DNA sequences to create a unique profile for each individual, while the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. PCR is commonly used in DNA fingerprinting to amplify regions of interest in the DNA sample before further analysis. This amplification step allows for better detection and characterization of DNA variations used in DNA fingerprinting.

DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a commonly used cell culture medium that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for cell growth and proliferation. It helps maintain the pH and osmotic balance of the cell culture environment, supporting the growth of various cell types in vitro. DMEM can be supplemented with additional components such as fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and growth factors to meet specific cell culture requirements.

A tissue culture treated cell culture plate is a specialized plastic plate that has been treated to promote the adherence and growth of cells, particularly for use in cell culture experiments. The treatment usually involves coating the surface with materials such as collagen or gelatin to enhance cell attachment and growth, providing a more suitable environment for cell culture. This type of plate is commonly used in research laboratories for growing cells in vitro.

Scientists typically use materials such as cell lysing buffers to break open the cell membranes, protease enzymes to digest proteins, and alcohol (such as ethanol or isopropanol) to precipitate the DNA out of solution. Additional materials like centrifuges, pipettes, and specialized tubes are also used in the DNA extraction process.

The first step of gene splicing is to identify and isolate the gene of interest from the donor organism. This is typically done using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at specific sites.

Bio technologists use restriction enzymes to cut DNA molecules at specific sequences. These enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides and cleave the DNA at those sites, allowing for precise manipulation of the DNA.

Used inert alumina balls can be cleaned by soaking them in a mixture of warm water and a mild cleaning agent, such as dish soap. After soaking, scrub the balls gently with a soft brush to remove any dirt or residue. Rinse the balls thoroughly with clean water and allow them to dry completely before reuse.

The function of phenol-chloroform is to denature proteins and extract DNA into the organic phase, while the function of isopropanol is to precipitate DNA by causing it to become insoluble in the solution.

The buffer AP1 is vital in DNA extraction as it acts as a cleanser to break up the lipids surrounding the cellular membrane. The buffer also maintains the right environment for the DNA so it is not damaged during the extraction process.

I do not personally work in that field but have studied it for a long time. This can be done, it was mainly tested on goats. Their offspring were deformed or perfectly fine. Same as when they did this to try to clone pets. The turn out the same, die right away or are deformed. My answer is Yes, both when you add it after their born or to their mother before they were born.

Gene therapy is already successful for certain genetic disorders, such as SMA and beta-thalassemia, with ongoing research to expand its applications. The field is rapidly evolving, and as technology advances and more clinical trials are conducted, we can expect gene therapy to become increasingly successful in treating a wider range of diseases in the near future.

During the day - the side of the Earth facing the Sun heats up - the portion facing away from the sun is in night time - and thus is not being heated... making it cooler !

About 50 million years ago there was a freshwater arctic fern known as Azolla. It grew on the surface, but when it died it sank into the cold water, where it was covered and preserved. Over hundreds of thousands of years this fern pulled billions of tons of CO2 out of the atmosphere, causing earth to cool, and ultimately resulting in a long series of ice ages.

We could bioengineer a plant like Azolla to sequester gigatons of atmospheric CO2 for us now. But we might want something faster, and something that we could also easily shut down once we achieved the desired balance.

Science makes you to think how? why? what? about almost everything you come across in your life. When you know things better around you and want to know things which still remains a mystery, your mind is used to discover and invent ! And when you discover, invent and even capable of understanding things "Your mind is of course developing!"

it can't be heated to inactivation,instead you can just try protease K treatment

Scientists often look to insert a new gene into a vector, such as a plasmid or a viral vector. Vectors are vehicles that can deliver the gene into a host organism's cells for expression and study.

That question seems a little vague to me. However, what I can say is that stem cells are used to aid human life. They are essentially cells that have not yet developed for a specific function in the body. Because of this, they can (put very simply) be maniplated to grow into a cell with a needed function in a human. This can aid in repairing spinal injuries, and possibly eventually cure para or quadriplegic patients. It is also involved prototypically in the development of insulin-producing pancreatic cells--aiding people with diabetes in a possibly permanent manner. So, essentially, yes--stem cells can absolutely affect human life.

DNA can be fragmented using restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes identify specific sequences within the DNA and cause cleavage generating fragments. When this digested DNA is allowed to run in gel electrophoresis fragments get separated according to their mass. When visualized under UV transilluminator, fragmented DNA can be observed as fluorescing bands.

It is rare to publish an article for free in reputable academic journals. Most journals require authors to pay publication fees to cover costs related to peer review, editing, and production. However, some open-access journals offer free publication, but often charge article processing fees.

c-DNA library is a combination of cloned c-DNA(complementary DNA)fragments inserted into a collection of host cells which together constitute some portion of transcriptome(it is a set of all RNA molecules including m-RNA,r-RNA,t-RNA and other non-coding RNA produced in one or a population of cells) of an organism.c-DNA is produced from fully transcribed m-RNA found in the nucleus and therefore contains only the expressed genes of an organism.

Acid hydrolysis of sucrose involves using acids to break down the sugar molecule, while enzyme invertase specifically catalyzes the breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose. Employing acid hydrolysis would interfere with the enzyme's function by disrupting its structure or activity, ultimately thwarting the experiment’s objective of studying invertase's enzymatic action on sucrose.

The first step of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is denaturation, where the double-stranded DNA template is heated to separate it into two single strands. This step allows the primers to bind to the target sequence during the subsequent steps of the PCR process.

Grinding the liver helps break down the cell membranes and release the cellular contents, including the DNA. This step is necessary to access the DNA trapped inside the liver cells and to make it available for further extraction and analysis.

It would be easier for DNA ligase to reconnect two fragments cut by EcoR1, as both fragments would have compatible overhangs that can anneal together. In the case of one fragment cut by EcoR1 and one cut by HindIII, the overhangs produced by the two enzymes are incompatible, making it more challenging for DNA ligase to join them together.