Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a part of Biology, although Chemistry may be involved on it. On the other side Biotechnology could be involved with Chemistry. Generally, all sciences are involved one to another on many aspects.

Germline gene therapy involves the modification of germ cells (gametes) that will pass the change on to the next generation. With germ line therapy genes could be corrected in the egg or the sperm that is being used to conceive. The child that results would be spared certain genetic problems that might otherwise have occurred. Because every cell descends from the fertilized egg, every cell in the offspring would possess the transplanted gene. This would be a far more effective way of transferring genes than the ones presently used in somatic cell therapies, where genes into the cells of children or adults usually enter only a small portion of the person's cells and eventually stop functioning.

Some key parameters required for cell growth in animal cell culture include a suitable growth medium containing essential nutrients, appropriate temperature (typically 37°C for mammalian cells), pH control (typically around 7.2-7.4), an optimal gas mixture (usually 5% CO2), proper osmolality, and regular subculturing to prevent overgrowth or cell death.

The GC content of the human genome is approximately 41%. This means that guanine and cytosine nucleotides make up about 41% of the total bases in the genome.

Paul Berg is often credited as the father of animal biotechnology for his work in developing recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s. This technology laid the foundation for genetic engineering and manipulation in animals, leading to advancements in areas such as gene therapy, transgenic animals, and biopharmaceutical production.

To isolate free amino acids from proteins, you can use techniques such as acid hydrolysis, enzymatic digestion, or heating in the presence of strong acids or bases. These methods break down the protein structure, releasing the amino acids in a free form. Following this, techniques like chromatography or precipitation can be used to separate and purify the free amino acids from the protein debris.

Chemistry plays a crucial role in biotechnology by enabling the synthesis of compounds like pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and biomaterials. It provides the foundation for understanding molecular interactions, designing new molecules, and optimizing bioprocesses. Chemistry also facilitates the analysis of biological systems at the molecular level, leading to advancements in genetic engineering, drug development, and other biotechnological applications.

Plasmids in biotechnology are commonly used as vectors to introduce foreign genes into host cells for various applications such as gene cloning, protein production, and gene therapy. They are advantageous due to their ability to replicate independently of the host genome, allowing for the amplification of the inserted gene of interest. Plasmids also often contain selectable markers for screening and identifying cells that have successfully taken up the desired gene.

Western blotting is a technique to detect specific proteins from a sample such as cell or tissue lysates. Western blot is a membrane (nitrocellulose or PVDF) on which the proteins are transferred for further analysis. Proteins on the blot are visualized by specific antibodies.

Surface sterilization in tissue culture is crucial to eliminate any contaminants that could interfere with the growth of the plant tissue. By removing surface microbes and fungi, it creates a clean environment for the explants to grow without competition. This step is essential to prevent contamination and ensure the success of tissue culture experiments.

Blotting shaker is a shaker like a normal shaker, which shakes the things on the top of it. They are used for keeping the blots in antibody solution during incubation. Western blot is an analytical techniques used to detect proteins.

The sugar complex of DNA is called deoxyribose. It is a type of sugar molecule that is part of the backbone of the DNA double helix structure.

GelRed is a fluorescent dye that is designed to bind to DNA by intercalating between the base pairs. This binding causes the DNA to fluoresce under UV light, making it visible in a gel electrophoresis setting. The staining ability of GelRed allows for the visualization of DNA fragments within the gel.

Extraction buffer is added to isolate DNA because it helps break down the cell membrane and nuclear envelope to release the DNA. It also helps in denaturing proteins that may interfere with DNA extraction, and stabilizes the DNA once it is released from the cell.

Fixative in lymphocyte culture helps to preserve the morphology of the cells by preventing them from moving or changing shape during processing and staining. It also helps to prevent cell loss or detachment from the culture dish. Fixatives such as formaldehyde also help to cross-link cell proteins, allowing for better visualization under the microscope.

DNA fingerprinting uses variants in DNA sequences to create a unique profile for each individual, while the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. PCR is commonly used in DNA fingerprinting to amplify regions of interest in the DNA sample before further analysis. This amplification step allows for better detection and characterization of DNA variations used in DNA fingerprinting.

DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a commonly used cell culture medium that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for cell growth and proliferation. It helps maintain the pH and osmotic balance of the cell culture environment, supporting the growth of various cell types in vitro. DMEM can be supplemented with additional components such as fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and growth factors to meet specific cell culture requirements.

A tissue culture treated cell culture plate is a specialized plastic plate that has been treated to promote the adherence and growth of cells, particularly for use in cell culture experiments. The treatment usually involves coating the surface with materials such as collagen or gelatin to enhance cell attachment and growth, providing a more suitable environment for cell culture. This type of plate is commonly used in research laboratories for growing cells in vitro.

Scientists typically use materials such as cell lysing buffers to break open the cell membranes, protease enzymes to digest proteins, and alcohol (such as ethanol or isopropanol) to precipitate the DNA out of solution. Additional materials like centrifuges, pipettes, and specialized tubes are also used in the DNA extraction process.

The first step of gene splicing is to identify and isolate the gene of interest from the donor organism. This is typically done using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at specific sites.

Bio technologists use restriction enzymes to cut DNA molecules at specific sequences. These enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides and cleave the DNA at those sites, allowing for precise manipulation of the DNA.

Used inert alumina balls can be cleaned by soaking them in a mixture of warm water and a mild cleaning agent, such as dish soap. After soaking, scrub the balls gently with a soft brush to remove any dirt or residue. Rinse the balls thoroughly with clean water and allow them to dry completely before reuse.

The function of phenol-chloroform is to denature proteins and extract DNA into the organic phase, while the function of isopropanol is to precipitate DNA by causing it to become insoluble in the solution.

The buffer AP1 is vital in DNA extraction as it acts as a cleanser to break up the lipids surrounding the cellular membrane. The buffer also maintains the right environment for the DNA so it is not damaged during the extraction process.