Brain

Assuming the damage did not involve an infection, the medulla. The medulla controls autonomic functions like respiration and blood pressure, which you do not consciously control. As these functions are vital to staying alive, losing function of the medulla would most likely cause death.

Damage to the optic chiasm could cause full or partial blindness, depending on the location of the damage. Damage to the temporal cortex could result in impairments in object perception as well as memory. Damage to the prefrontal cortex could result in impairments of executive functions, some examples of which include working memory (holding an item, like a phone number, in mind), decision making, and problem solving.

The ears are lateral to the brain. The brain is more towards the center of the body, so it is medial to the ears.

It depends on their size.

Yes, playing chess involves both hemispheres of the brain.

The two sides of your brain are called the left and right hemispheres.

nerve cells

The Wikipedia article would be a reasonable place to begin research into this matter. One can refer to the sources listed at the bottom of the article. See link below.

The brain itself does not pulse, but it does have a blood flow. The veins and arteries do have a pulse.

The folds on the surface of the brain are called gyri.

boners

Tone denotes the concentration of neurotransmitter within a given region of the nervous system. A lot of glutamate indicates a high excitatory, glutamatergic tone.

arm

yes

thalamus

emotional impact

You have established in the question that too much oxygen has been lost, so this means that there will be some degree of impairment due to brain damage. How much impairment will depend on how little oxygen the brain received, over how long a period, and on the temperature of the brain.

It is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions such as the folds of the brain.

Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory.

Memory is actually stored in the spaces between the neurons and not in or on certain folds.

• Sometimes incorrectly done procedures during birth
• Inadequate or insufficient stimulation during infancy and childhood
• Physical trauma
• Excessive radiation
• Excessive heat
• Excessive pressure
• Oxygen starvation
• Stroke
• Long-term alcoholism and/or continuing to drink with a physiological dependence on alcohol
• Several drugs if misused enough
• Mother's substance abuse during pregnancy

frontal

True

The brain is the 'control center' of the body.

The usual answer is that while dreaming, you're reliving the events of the day, while your subconscious forms associations and decides what you ought to remember and can safely forget.

Those dreams that you do remember can seem jumbled because your conscious mind is not often privy to what your subconscious is doing, nor how it likes to organize your thoughts and memories.

When the brain becomes so large that the baby cannot properly be born (as in, the head is too large to fit through the mother's vagina), it's no longer an advantage.