Byzantine Empire

Previously, crusading armies had occupied Constantinople, but the Byzantine Empire never fell and ultimately reclaimed their capital every time. But in the fifteenth century the Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmet and armed with the newly invented gunpowder, successfully captured much of Greece and, in 1453, penetrated Constantinople's three walls, made it their capital, and renamed it Istanbul, officially concluding the Byzantine Empire and the 2206 year legacy of the Romans.

Ancient historians did not It actually clarified why Constantine the Great moved the capital of the eastern part of the Roman empire from Nicomedia (in north-western Turkey) to the nearby Byzantium. One reason might have been that Nicomedia had been designated as the capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire by the emperor Diocletian who had unleashed the Great Persecution of Christians. A highly likely reason was propaganda, which Constantine was very good at. He even invented a fictitious descent from the family of a previous emperor. A new capital named after himself would give him further prestige and act as a symbol of the new dawn for the empire his rule would usher in. Constantine redeveloped the Greek city of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (which means the city of Constantine) in 330. The city was also given titles such as "The New, second Rome,' 'Eastern Rome,' 'Alma Roma,' and 'Roma Constantinopolitana.'

Originally Constantine considered Sirmium (in modern day Serbia) for his new capital. Then he opted for Byzantium. This city was on the route between Europe and Asia like Nicomedia, but it was in a better strategic position. The roads from southwestern Europe to Asia converged there. It was on the Bosphorus the strait between Europe and Asia and between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Therefore, it also controlled the naval route between these two seas. It was also a city easy to defend. It was on a promontory into the Bosporus. Therefore, it had water on two sides. The Golden Horn, an inlet of the Bosporus meant that there was water on the third side as well.

Another factor was that Byzantium has seven hills like Rome. This created a similarity with Rome and helped to justify the tiles mentioned above.

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In the Orthodox the emperor claims authority over all religious leaders. And in the Roman Catholic the pope claims authority over all kings and emperors.

The Byzantine Empire was the eastern part of the Roman Empire which continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years after the fall of the western part of this empire. The educated elites of part of the empire spoke Greek because before its conquest by Rome it had been ruled by Greek states. After the fall of the western part of the empire, this part lost its ties with Rome and with the Latin language. It became increasingly Greek in character and language. It became more so when it lost most of its non-Greek territories due to invasions by the Arabs and the Slavs.

The ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire [Byzantine Empire] was Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustianianus known as Justinian I or Justinian the Great.

The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.

You may not find total agreement on this answer, but I would have it begin in the year 476 with the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Byzantines did not call themselves Byzantines any more than the ancient Greeks called themselves Greeks. The Byzantine Empire is modern nomenclature to avoid confusion with the Eastern Roman Empire after the Roman Empire was divided, but before the Western Roman Empire fell.

It has changed name twice. Byzantium - Constantinople - Istanbul.

Duty leveled on Shipping using the Straights of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. This include Trade headed for the Silk Road overland route to Cathay, modern day China, named for the Chin Dynasty after the fall of Byzantium in 1452.

In the southern and Eastern Europe, people grew crops or raised sheep or goats. In northern Africa and southwesten Asia, some people were nomadic heeders of sheep, goats, and camels. Other were merchants & artisans.

By the sixth century of the Common Era, Christian worship had taken on an entire litany of intercession including the use of icons and pilgrimages to places considered sanctified by the presence of Christ or the saints. "Proximity" quickly extended to the us of relics or "icons" - objects, rather than places - considered touched by Christ or the saints. Imagery began taking on spiritual significance and believed to have sacred powers of their own by the reign of Justinian I. This spawned a backlash among those who believed the Old Testament commandment against "graven images" resulting in iconoclasm, the destruction of these increasingly popular icons.

Women occupied an important role in the Byzantine Empire, as most of them were highly educated and respected. Many women held important positions in society, and some even became Empresses, ruling over the most powerful Empire of its time, such as the Empresses Theodora, Zoe and Irene, to name a few.

Constantine was the First Roman Emperor who Embraced Christianity after He had a Vision that Said, "under this sign Conquer". The Sign was of the Fish, used by undercover Christians who feared Roman Persecution. Constantine mandated Christianity for his Soldiers, then made it the Official Religion of Rome. He founded Constantinople, the "City of Constantine", on the European North Shore of the Straights of the Bosphorus, to be Capital City of the Eastern Division of the Roman Empire. The Eastern Division later became the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire ruled from Constantinople by the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Christian Church. The Patriarch was both Emperor of Byzantium, and Leader of the Orthodox Church. This sets the Division lasting until today between Orthodox Russia and Eastern Europe, and the Catholic / Protestant Countries of Western Europe.

The Byzantine Empire was not developed. In fact, it did not really exist. The term Byzantine Empire has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part of this empire. The 'east' continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years after the fall of the 'west.' The people in question did not even know the term "Byzantine" and called it Roman Empire. In other words, it was the continuation of the Roman Empire.

Constantine I or (the Great) did not have any connection with the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine Empire did not exist historically.

Byzantine Empire is a term coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire. The Romans did not use this term, they called it Roman Empire or Romania (this referred to this empire and not the country which was later called Romania).

According to dating conventions, the beginning of the Byzantine Empire was in 476. Constantine's reign as sole emperor of the whole Roman Empire (both the eastern and the western parts) was from 324 to 337, well before the period which historians call the Byzantine period. One indirect contribution he made was the creation of Constantinople, which later became the capital of the so-called Byzantine Empire, and the site he chose for it, which historians used the coin the term Byzantine.

The term Byzantine is derived from Byzantium, the Greek city which was redeveloped, turned into the imperial capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire and renamed Constantinople by Constantine in 330. It is used to indicate the fact that not long after the fall of the western part, this empire became centred on Greece and Greek in character after it lost most of its non-Greek territories. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of this empire in 620, some 150 years after the fall of the west.

Italy

The Byzantine Empire's dates run from  A.D. 330 – 1453. Until the Eastern Orthodox Churches split from the Catholic Church in A.D. 1054 there were no "branches" of Christianity, there was only the Catholic Church.

The RomanEmpire and the Byzantine Empire did not split.

Byzantine Empire is a term which has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part. The so-called "Byzantines" did not use this term. They called their empire the Empire of the Romans or Romania or Rhomais in Latin or Basileia Rh�mai�n or Rhomania in Greek. Romania was a short form for Roman Empire. It was not related to the country which was later called Romania. All the peoples who lived the Roman Empire saw themselves as Romans. They had been granted Roman citizenship by the emperor Caracalla in 215. The so-called "Byzantines" did not even use the term eastern Romans, which is often used by historians for them. Western and eastern Roman Empire are also terms which have been coined by historians. The Romans and the peoples in the Roman Empire only used the term Empire of the Romans.

The term Byzantine was chosen by a German historian in the 16th century as a derivation from Byzantium, a Greek city which had evolved into a Roman city under Roman rule and which was then redeveloped, turned into an imperial capital and renamed Constantinople (City of Constantine) by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great in 330. It is used to indicate the fact that not long after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire, this part of the empire became centred on Greece and Greek in character after it lost most of its non-Greek territories. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of this empire in 620, some 150 years after the fall of the western part. Both the terms Byzantine and Byzantine Empire became common in Western Europe in the 19th century.

The Byzantine Empire was the eastern part of the Roman Empire when it split into two parts in the 5th Century CE. As such, there is no true founder of the Byzantine Empire. The last truly Roman emperor, Theodosius I bequeathed the throne of Rome to both of his sons, Arcadius (east) and Honorius (west).

Most people in the Byzantine Empire earned a living through agriculture or trade. The Byzantine Empire engaged in many wars, including civil wars.

The less the region was removed from the Earth's north frost pole (located in the northeastern part of Russia near Alaska), the more difficult life became and, consequently, the region has a higher technological ceiling.

The western part of the empire of Rome was farther from the pole of frost than the eastern part. So when western Rome reached its technological ceiling, eastern Rome (Byzantium) had a growth reserve of about 500-1000 years.

The 6th century Byzantine (or, Roman) Emperor Justinian was successful in expanding the boundaries of the Byzantine (or, Roman) Empire for various reasons. For one thing, he enjoyed the services of a very capable commander, Belisarius, whose skills were dedicated to faithful achievement of the conquests that Justinian determined to be necessary. For another, he was extremely energetic and diligent in his efforts to bring greater glory and prosperity to the Empire. For yet another, he enjoyed the support and prudent counsel of one of the most remarkable women from ancient times, Theodora.