Byzantine Empire

There were many sorts of groups. You had Italians,Greeks,Muslims,Chinese,Middle Eastern,Turkish,Indian, to name a few. Since the Byzantine Empire was so vast, this is the reason for so many different ethnic and religion groups.

silk road

The trade routes that connected China to Rome and other parts of Europe were collectively called "the Silk Road" after one of the most valuable products that came from China along those trade routes. The German terms "Seidenstraße" and "Seidenstraßen"- 'the Silk Road(s)' or 'Silk Route(s) were first used in 1877 by a German geographer, Baron Ferdinand von Richtofen, who made several expeditions to China. The English term "The Silk Road" has come into general use but it is something of a misnomer; there was not just one route, rather there were several routes that might combine portions of land routes and water routes. Also, they incorporated trade routes to other areas of Asia including Southeast Asia and the "Spice Islands" in the area we now know as Indonesia. Usually these routes passed through other important trade cities along the way so they were not just trade between China and Europe; they traded goods all along the way.

Byzantine Empire is a term which has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part of this empire. The eastern part continued to exist for nearly 1,000 years after the fall of the western part.

Constantinople, which later because Islamabad

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Constantinus decided to make the Greek city of Byzantium the capital of his empire. We should note that Diocletian had already spent much of his time in Nicomedia, nearby.

After the final end of the Byzantine empire the Ottomans used the Greek expression Istanbul which had meant "in the city". European statesmen continued to call it Constantinople until the end of the Ottoman empire. Ataturk moved the capital of the new Turkish state to Ankara.

Islamabad is the name of the new post-British capital of Pakistan.

The Byzantine Empire maintained much of the ancient values that Western Europe had lost. It continued to encourage the study of classical science and literature. The importance of critical thought was still respected. Engineering, art and even medicine continued to be disciplines of study. The Byzantine Empire also became known as the â??Shield of the East". It protected western countries from invasion and cultural destruction. Without this protection, Islam rather than Christianity might have been the only surviving religion in Europe.

It took over 70 days to mummify one human being.

Venice was a dependency of the Byzantine Empire when it gained control of Italy. This continued after the Byzantines lost northern Italy because of the Lombard invasion and survived the takeover of Italy by the Franks. This kept Venice separate from the Holy Roman Empire and kept her linked to Constantinople, even though she gradually gained effective independence.

The first crusade, which was fought to help the Byzantines, and where Venice and the other Italian sea republics supplied the navy, increased commercial ties with the Byzantine Empire. Venice was the prime trading link between Constantinople and Western Europe.

The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire was technically formed in 285. Constantinople, it's capital, was founded in 330.

Through some changes and incarnations, you could say it lasted until the fall of Constantinople in the crusades (1204), the final 'fall' of Constantinople (1453) or the fall of Trebizond in 1461.

Usually, though, we'd say it's period was from 330 to 1453, all dates CE (AD).

Constantinople's location helped the Byzantine culture spread in many ways. Because Constantinople's location was near the Marmara Sea, they had a definite way of trading. Trading helps their culture spread, because they are able to make money, therefore they could spread their empire wider and further. Another way the Marmara Sea benefited them, was because it was a barrier from potential enemies. If you look on a map, Constantinople is located on that thin strip leading into Asia. In the Byzantine's favor, their thin border was easier to protect/guard, that is why they moved their capitol on the other side.

They designed it in a manner to portray the church as an image of the world with the dome of heaven suspended above it, from which the Holy Spirit descended during the liturgical ceremony.

The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 476 until 1450, about 1000 years. In the end, it was defeated and taken over by the what became the Turkish Empire. However it lasted a long long time. By the definition of how long it lasted it would by most standards be considered a success.

The Byzantines were both Roman and Greek. With the takeover of the western half of the Empire by the Germanic peoples in the fifth century CE, the eastern empire centred on Byzantium WAS the Roman Empire. Its inhabitants were Greek, but they saw themselves as Roman. So the 'preservation' was simply continuing as they had been - speaking Latin and Greek, maintaining libraries, pursuing cultural activities as usual.

Interestingly, as the Byzantine Empire contracted, faded and eventually ceased to exist, much of the knowledge was preserved and passed on to us not by the European Christian countries which were mired in the Dark Age, but by the enlightened Islamic countries in Spain and the Middle East, before they fell back into their own Dark Age and left the Enlightenment in Europe to struggle into existence.

She helped create laws to help children and women

Since the Byzantines and Sassanian Persians considered each other the only real civilizations in the region, they fought each other numerous times in the early 600s C.E. over control of what is today East Turkey and Iraq. These were intense religious wars (Christian vs. Zoroastrian) and greatly weakened both empires at just the wrong time, leading to a very porous southern defense and miscalculation of the Islamic Armies. Because of this, the Muslims were able to completely destroy Sassanid Persia and conquer over two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.

It was a crossroads for trade.

Mosaic is the art form.

The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire. Byzantine is a term which has been coined by historians to indicate the eastern part of the Roman Empire after the fall of the western part. The latter fell under the weight of the invasions by the Germanic peoples. The latter continued for nearly 1,000 years. The people in question called their empire Roman Empire. The Byzantine heritage was classical (Greco-Roman) culture. After the fall of Rome it became more Greek in character. Greek replaced Latin as the official language. Orthodox Christianity played a deep role in shaping Byzantine culture

The Byzantine form of Christianity was eventually called Orthodox. In 1056, the Roman and Byzantine churches split over a number of doctrinal controversies.

The Roman Empire which straddled three continents. But the largest modern world empire would be the British Empire which contained lands in Europe Australia Asia Africa I think South America and in the 1700s, North America

Nobody disliked him.

Wagram & Aspern-Essling mark the ending, at least the beginning of the ending, of Napoleons Military supremacy. As wih the forces of many Empires he relies on Allies to supply men with which to fight his battles, notably in this case Bavarians, Saxons, Wurttembergers, Poles & so on. Once he stops winning these friends no longer wish to support him & fade away or change sides. And then there was, of course, the Spanish Ulcer.......... Napoleons Military 'Blitzkreig' was in Italy, against the Austrians & Prussians in 1805 & 06, simply overwhelming, but the Redcoats in Spain were unimpressed, by and large, by the crude column attack & sent it reeling at Busaco & elsewhere. Yes, I know l'Emporeur wasn't there, & had he been at, say, Fuentes d'Onoro things would have been different, but by 1809 Napoleons days of conquest are, for the most part, behind him. But then, as Commanders go he still ranks with the best history has to offer. Vive l'Emporeur !!

Justinian I 483–565, Byzantine emperor (527–65), nephew and successor of Justin I Justin I, c.450–527, Byzantine emperor (518–27); successor of Anastasius I. He was chief of the imperial guard and became emperor when Anastasius died. He was responsible for much imperial policy during his uncle's reign. Soon after becoming emperor, Justinian instituted major administrative changes and tried to increase state revenues at the expense of his subjects. Justinian's fiscal policies, the discontent of the Monophysites at his orthodoxy, and the loyalty of the populace to the family of Anastasius I produced the Nika riot (532), which would have cost Justinian his throne but for the firmness of his wife, Empress Theodora Theodora and the aid of his great generals, Belisarius Belisarius and Narses Narses c.478–c. Justinian, through Belisarius and Narses, recovered Africa from the Vandals (533–48) and Italy from the Ostrogoths (535–54). He was less successful in fighting the Persians and was unable to prevent the raids of the Slavs and the Bulgars. Justinian's policy of caesaropapism (i.e., the supremacy of the emperor over the church) included not only matters of organization, but also matters of dogma. In 553, seeking to reconcile the Monophysites to the church, he called a council but accomplished nothing and finally tended to drift into heresy himself. Justinian's greatest accomplishment was the codification of Roman law, commonly called the Corpus Juris Civilis Corpus Juris Civilis executed under his direction by Tribonian Tribonian (Tribonianus) It gave unity to the centralized state and greatly influenced all subsequent legal history. Justinian erected many public works, of which the church of Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia is the most notable. He was succeeded by his nephew, Justin II. The writings of Procopius Procopius are the main source of information on Justinian's reign.

The Byzantines were officially defeated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II under the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The siege went on from April 6 to May 29. The Venetian navy from the West did attempt to reinforce the region, but could not get access to the port due to the Ottoman Navy standing in their way.

It most likely would have attempted to retake Italy once the Turks were dealt with. With the Roman Empire still in the picture, the world wars would likely be much different.

Probably the Seljuks as they inflicted a major defeat on the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071; by the 1090s Anatolia was under Seljuk control, which probably prompted Alexios, the Byzantine Emperor, into asking Pope Urban II for knights, which starts the First Crusade. The Fatimids were probably also a pain as well, though probably less so.

Also, the Byzantines also suffered from a series of revolts and coups, which seem to be standard of Byzantine life.