C Programming

Yes. Some computer languages, such as VB, VB.NET, COBOL are designed for business, while Fortran is for engineers and scientists.

A compiler is a program that takes a programming language like that of java and then translates it into computer language for the software user. The interpreter just ( just like that of a human interpreter) takes the foreign language which would be that of the programming language and turns it into the machine code. Both of these programs take a high-level programming language and translates them into the machine code, but the interpreter is slower to translate than the compiler because of the fact it processes and interprets each statement many times.

Yes. Examples can be found in stdio.h

When there is no addressable value in program, then compiler will give lvalue error.

Lvalue or location value is an address that is stored into while rvalue is the "read" value, ie., value of a constant or the value stored at a location. In the assignment a = 31; we have the lvalue of a used on the left hand side and the integer contant value 31 assigned to this location. In the assignment b = a; we have the rvalue of a (31) used to assign to the lvalue of b . So depending on which side of an assignment, we use the variable a , we get two different behaviors

A queue is a first in, first out (FIFO) data structure. Queues are typically used to buffer data between an input and an output device, particularly when the input and output devices operate at different frequencies. Typically one thread controls incoming data, pushing data onto the queue structure. Meanwhile another thread pops the first element from the queue and processes it. To prevent data races (where both threads update the queue concurrently) the push and pop operations are mutually exclusive. In order to perform a push or pop, a thread must first acquire a lock. If the lock is already held by another thread, the current thread is blocked. A blocked thread will yield to other threads and attempt to hold the lock on its next time-slice. Meanwhile, the thread that holds the lock can push or pop an element from queue, releasing the lock as soon as it has completed the operation.

Queues are typically implemented using a singly-linked circular list. New elements are pushed onto the tail while existing elements are popped from the head. Constant-time access to both the head and tail is achieved through a single pointer to the tail, which points "forwards" to the head.

#include<conio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

int i=1,fact=1,n;

printf("enter a no.");

scanf("%d"n);

while(i<=n)

{

fact=i*fact;

i++;

}

printf("factorial=%d",fact);

getch();

}

Declarations aren't allowed everywhere; you've found a place (after an executable statament, most likely), where a declaration cannot be put.

Arrays are allocated as a contiguous block of memory divided into one or more elements of equal size and type. Knowing the start address of the array makes it possible to reference any element within the array through a zero-based index. Multiplying the index by the size of an element determines the offset from the start of the array.

The fflush() function writes any buffered data to the specified file stream. When you write data to a file (with a function such as fprintf()), it is actually placed in a memory buffer. The data is only actually written to the file when the buffer is full, the file stream is closed or when fflush() is called.

Writing operating systems like Unix/Linux and a large part of Windows 3.1 (not sure about later versions of Windows) although some of Windows 3.X was done in Pascal.

Most of the Operating systems used these days are developed using C.

Actually the kernel of the OS is written in C and kernel is the base of any OS

Command-line and IDE C compilers: There are two types of C compilers, each of which has advantages and disadvantages: (i) Command-line C compilers and (ii) IDE or Windows C compilers To compile and run a C program using a command-line C compiler, you have to go through the following steps: (i) Write the C program (call it ``myfile.c'') in a text editor or word processor (for example, the simple ``Hello'' program below), (ii) Save it as a file on your computer's hard disk, (iii) ``Compile it'' to a computer-executable program by entering a compile command at a command prompt, for example for the following C compiler programs: gcc -Wall -o myfile myfile.c (using the GNU C compiler, UNIX or Microsoft Windows) cl myfile.c (Microsoft Visual C++ command-line compiler) bcc32 myfile.c (Borland C/C++ compiler, Microsoft Windows) followed by the ``Enter'' key, and finally (iv) Run the program by entering myfile at a command prompt, again followed by ``Enter''. If you want to save the output of ``myfile'' as a text file ``myfile.txt'', enter instead myfile > myfile.txt

To make the code easier to read for you and other programmers that might view your work.

Arrays are group or set of variables having the same data type. Arrays can hold different values depending on the values assigned to them.

To create (or declare) an array is somewhat similar to declaring a variable. You must first enter the data type, the array name (you can name your array anything you like), then array size enclosed in square brackets.

Example:

int arrNum[5];

Using the example given above, it shows that we declare an integer array with the size of 5. Five (5) is the total elements in an integer array called "arrNum" So there are 0 to 4 (zero to four) arrNum arrays (array counts must always start at zero). Namely:

int arrNum[0];

int arrNum[1];

int arrNum[2];

int arrNum[3];

int arrNum[4];

You can store different integer values at any element of int ArrNum. But, do not assign a value that is beyond the size of the array. It will give you a logical error.

Example:

arrNum[6] = 95;

arrNum[5] = 20;

On the second example above, it will still give you a logical error. We defined arrNum to have 5 elements (from zero to four). So, arrNum[5] is out of arrNum's size capacity. Also, once we declared an array to have a definite size, it cannot be redefined to have more elements than what is declared.

To initialize an array, you may need to use loops, specifically "for loop". You may do it manually (without using loops) but loops are useful with arrays. For example, we want to initialize all elements of arrNum[5] to zero:

int Counter = 0;

int arrNum[5];

for (Counter = 0; Counter < 5; Counter++)

{

arrNum[Counter] = 0;

}

In the example above, we used a for loop to initialize all elements of int arrNum[5] to zero. The loop will only stop if and only if the counter exceeds 4. We borrow the value of the counter to act as the size of the array.

Meanwhile, in using an array of characters (also called character array or String), the size of the string must be the number of string plus one. Example, you wanted to write Fire as the value of string called "Word":

char Word[5]; // Array declaration

Word[0] = 'F';

Word[1] = 'i';

Word[2] = 'r';

Word[3] = 'e';

Word[4] = '\0';

As you can see, we declared an array that is the number of character more than 1. The last element in a string should be a null value denoted by "\0" (backward slash and zero). This will tell the computer that the string will end and no further character will be added.

2 stacks required

That is called multitasking.

That is called multitasking.

That is called multitasking.

That is called multitasking.

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